접속사 의문사
□ 접속사의 종류와 기능
등위접속사 : 단어․구․절을 대등하게 연결
종속접속사 : 절과 절을 주종관계로 연결
S + V
등위접속사 |
S + V [중문]
(등위절) (등위절)
S + V
종속접속사 |
S + V [복문]
.(주절) (종속절)
① 명사절
② 부사절
ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ
A. 등위접속사
등위접속사의 종류와 용법
(1) and :「그리고, ～와」<순접>
He heard an explosion and phoned the police.
(2) but/yet :「그러나」<역접>
It is a strange but/yet true story.
(3) or :「또는」<선택>
Do you go there on foot or by bus?
(4) so :「그래서, 그러므로」<결과>
I had a headache, so I went to bed.
(5) for :「왜냐하면 ～이니까」<이유>
부가적인 이유를 나타내며, 문두에 나올 수 없다.
For she looks pale, she must be ill. .(X)
→ She must be ill, for she looks pale. (O)
(6) nor :「…도 또한 ～않다」
부정문 뒤에서 부정의 연속을 나타낸다.
nor 뒤에는 주어와 동사가 도치된다.
I do not know, nor do I care.
= I do not know and neither do I care.
<neither는 부사이므로 and와 함께 쓴다.>
※ 명령문 + and :「～해라, 그러면」
명령문 + or . :「～해라, 그렇지 않으면」
Work hard, and you will succeed.
= If you work hard, you will succeed.
Hurry up, or you will be late for school.
= If you don't hurry up, you will be late for school.
등위상관접속사
(1) both A and B :「A와 B 둘 다」
= at once A and B = alike A and B = A and B as well
This book is both interesting and instructive.
(2) either A or B :「A와 B 둘 중 하나」
He went either to London or to Paris.
(3) neither A nor B :「A와 B 둘 다 아닌」
He can neither read nor write.
(4) not only A but (also) B :「A뿐만 아니라 B도」
= not only A but B as well
= not only A ; (also) B
= not just/simply/merely A but (also) B
= B as well as A
He can speak not only English but (also) French.
= He can speak French as well as English.
▶ <Not only>가 문두에 오면 주어와 동사가 도치된다.
He not only heard it; he also saw it.
→ Not only did he hear it; he also saw it.
(5) not A but B :「A가 아니라 B」
= B, (and) not A
The volcano erupted not in Japan but in Indonesia.
= The volcano erupted in Indonesia, not in Japan.
▶ not because A but because B :
「A 때문이 아니라 B 때문이다」
I stayed at home not because I did not like to go
but because I was tired.
상관접속사와 수의 일치
(1) both A and B → 항상 복수 취급
Both you and I were wrong.
(2) 다음은 동사의 수를 B에 일치
Either you or I was wrong.
Neither you nor I was wrong.
Not you but I was wrong.
Not only you but also I was wrong.
= I as well as you was wrong.
접속부사
접속사가 아니므로 완전히 끝난 문장 다음이나,
등위접속사 또는 semicolon(;)과 함께 써야 한다.
(1) 부가 : besides, moreover, furthermore (게다가, 더욱이)
I was tired; besides, I was very sleepy.
(2) 인과 : therefore, thus, hence (그래서, 그러므로)
accordingly, consequently (따라서, 그 결과)
I think; therefore I am.
(3) 대조 : however, though (그러나)
nevertheless, nonetheless (그럼에도 불구하고)
I hate concerts. However, I will go to this one.
The work was hard. I enjoyed it, though.
(4) 조건 : otherwise (그렇지 않으면)
He worked hard; otherwise he would have failed.
ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ
B. 종속접속사
명사절 (1) - that 절
∙that + 완전한 절 :「～라는 것」
(1) 주어
That she will pass the test is certain.
= It is certain that she will pass the test. <가주어-진주어>
▶ 관계대명사 what + 불완전한 절
That she says is not true. . (X)
→ What she says is not true. (O)
(2) 목적어
타동사 <think, believe, know, say, hope, expect> 등의
목적어로 쓰일 때 that을 생략할 수 있다.
I think (that) she will pass the test.
▶ 원칙적으로 that절은 전치사의 목적어로 쓸 수 없지만,
예외적으로 in, except/save/but의 목적어로 쓰일 수 있다.
. ⅰ) in that :「～라는 점에서」
I like him in that he is honest.
. ⅱ) except that :「～인 것 외에는」
That will do except that it is too long.
(3) 보어
His only fault is that he has no fault.
▶ 주어가 the reason이면 보어에 because절을 쓰지 못한다.
The reason I can't go is because I'm busy. (X)
→ The reason I can't go is that I'm busy. (O)
(4) 동격
No one can deny the fact that he is honest.
※ 형용사 뒤의 that 절
. ⅰ) <be sure/certain/assured/convinced> 등 확신의
의미를 나타내는 형용사 뒤
I am sure (that) she will pass the test.
. ⅱ) <be afraid/fearful/anxious/sorry/angry/glad> 등의
감정형용사 뒤
I am afraid (that) she will fail in the test.
명사절 (2) - whether/if 절
∙whether/if + 완전한 절 :「～인지 아닌지」
∙if 절은 타동사의 목적어로만 쓰인다.
(1) 주어
Whether it will rain or not is not certain.
(2) 목적어
<don't know, doubt, wonder, question, ask, be not sure> 등 의문․불확실성의 표현 뒤에는 whether/if절을 쓴다.
I don't know whether/if he will come to the party.
He asked me whether/if I would go to the movies.
I'm not interested in whether you like the plan or not.
(3) 보어
The question is whether he has enough money or not.
(4) 동격
The question whether we should go or not was not
answered yet.
※ whether와 if의 차이
.ⅰ) if 뒤에는 or not이 바로 올 수 없다.
I don't care whether it rains or not. (O)
I don't care whether or not it rains. (O)
I don't care if it rains or not. (△)
I don't care if or not it rains. .(X)
.ⅱ) 종속절이 부정문일 때는 if를 쓴다.
I don't care if it doesn't rain. (O)
I don't care whether it doesn't rain. .(X)
.ⅲ) to부정사 앞에는 whether를 쓴다.
I'm not sure whether to buy the car or not. (O)
I'm not sure if to buy the car or not. .(X)
명사절 (3) - 의문사절(= 간접의문문)
∙의문대명사(who/what/which) + 불완전한 절
∙의문부사(when/where/why/how) + 완전한 절
(1) 주어
Why he left school was not known.
(2) 목적어
I can't imagine what made him do it.
We are talking about how we will go to Busan.
(3) 보어
The problem was who would tie the bell around
the cat's neck.
※ 간접의문문의 어순
.ⅰ) <의문사 S + V>의 어순을 취한다.
Do you know where is he from? (X)
→ Do you know where he is from? (O)
.ⅱ) 주절의 동사가 인식동사 <think, believe, suppose,
guess, imagine> 등이면, 의문사를 문두에 쓴다.
Do you think where he is from? (X)
→ Where do you think he is from? (O)
.ⅲ) how 절에서는 형용사/부사가 how 뒤에 온다.
I was surprised to see how she was pretty. (X)
→ I was surprised to see how pretty she was. (O)
시간 부사절
(1) when : 일시적인 동작 <시점>
while : 동작의 계속 <기간>
When I saw her last, she lived in L.A.
Mary listened to the radio while she studied.
(2) before : 그때까지의 동작의 완료
until[till] : 그때까지의 지속
You must finish the work before I come back.
I will wait here until you come back.
▶ not A before B :「A하지 않아 B하다」
It will not be long before we meet again.
I had not waited long before he came.
▶ not A until B :「B하고 나서야 비로소 A하다」
I didn't hear the news until I came to Korea.
= It was not until I came to Korea that I heard the news.
= Not until I came to Korea did I hear the news.
<not until이 문두에 오면 주어와 동사가 도치된다.>
(3) after :「～한 후에」
since :「～한 이래로」
since는 현재까지의 계속을 뜻하며 since 뒤에는 <과거>, 주절에는 <현재완료> 시제가 온다.
We moved to the country after the war broke out.
I have lived here since I was born.
(4) as soon as :「～하자마자」
= Hardly/Scarcely + 과거완료 + when/before + 과거
= No sooner + 과거완료 + than + 과거
As soon as I left home, it began to rain.
= I had hardly/scarcely left home when/before it began to rain.
= I had no sooner left home than it began to rain.
= Hardly/Scarcely had I left home when/before it began to rain.
= No sooner had I left home than it began to rain.
<hardly/scarcely/no sooner가 문두에 오면 주어와 동사가 도치된다.>
(5) once :「일단 ～하면」,「～하자마자」
Once you start, you can't stop on the way.
Once the baby awoke, it began to cry.
이유 부사절
(1) because, as, since :「～때문에」
He succeeded because he worked hard.
Since/As I haven't much money, I can't buy it.
(2) now (that) :「～한 이상, ～이니까」<주절 앞>
Now (that) we're here, we may as well see the sights.
(3) in that :「～라는 점에서」<주절 뒤>
Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak.
□ 목적 부사절
(1) (so/in order) that ～ may/can/will :「～하기 위하여」
Mary works hard (so) that she may succeed.
He raised his hand (in order) that the taxi could stop.
(2) lest ～ (should) :「～하지 않기 위하여」
= for fear (that) ～ (should)
Mary works hard lest she (should) fail in the exam.
= Mary works hard for fear (that) she (should) fail in the exam.
= Mary works hard (so) that she may not fail in the exam.
□ 결과 부사절
(1) so that :「그래서」
She studied hard, so that she passed the exam.
(2) so + 형용사/부사 + that :「너무 ～해서 …하다」
such + a + 형용사 + 명사 + that
= so + 형용사 + a + 명사 + that
It was so fine that we took a walk.
= It was such a fine day that we took a walk.
= It was so fine a day that we took a walk.
▶ such + 형용사 + 복수명사/불가산명사
so + many/much/few/little + 명사
These birds have such small wings that they cannot fly into the air.
It was such fine weather that we took a walk.
He ate so much food that he could hardly walk.
□ 조건 부사절
(1) if :「만약 ～하면」
= suppose/supposing (that)
= providing/provided (that)
If you hurry up, you will catch the train.
Suppose (that) he refuses, what shall we do?
I will come provided (that) it is fine tomorrow.
(2) unless :「～하지 않으면」(= if ～ not)
Unless you work hard, you will fail.
= If you don't work hard, you will fail.
(3) in case :「만약 ～하면」,「～에 대비해서」
In case I am late, don't wait to start dinner.
Take an umbrella in case it should rain.
(4) as[so] long as :「～하는 한」,「～하기만 하면」
Any book will do as long as it is interesting.
□ 양보 부사절
(1) though, although, even though, even if :
「～이지만, ～일지라도」
Though/Although it may sound strange, it is quite true.
Even if you don't like her, you have to help her.
▶ despite/in spite of :「～에도 불구하고」
despite/in spite of는 전치사로서 뒤에 명사(구)가 온다.
Despite he was sick, he went to work. (X)
→ Though he was sick, he went to work. (O)
(2) while/whereas :「～이지만」,「～인 반면에」
While/Whereas I admit that it is difficult, I don't think that it is impossible.
Wise men seek after truth, while/whereas fools despise it.
(3) whether ～or not :「～이든 아니든」
Whether or not you like it, you must do it.
(4) no matter + 의문사 :「～일지라도」(= 의문사+ever)
No matter what may happen, I am ready.
= Whatever may happen, I am ready.
▶ no matter how/however가 이끄는 절에서는
형용사/부사가 no matter how/however 뒤에 온다.
No matter how you may try hard, you cannot lift the stone. (X)
→ No matter how hard you may try, you cannot lift the stone. (O)
□ 접속사 as의 용법
(1) 시간 :「～할 때」(= when), 「～하면서」
I lived in Seoul as I was young.
He trembled as he spoke.
(2) 이유 :「～때문에」(= because)
As he was ill, he didn't attend the meeting.
(3) 비례 :「～함에 따라서」
He grew more charitable as he grew older.
(4) 양태 :「～처럼, ～대로」
Do in Rome as the Romans do.
▶ as ～, so … :「～한 대로 그렇게 …하다」
As you sow, so shall you reap.
(5) 양보 : 명사/형용사/부사 + as + S + V
Young as he is, he is wise.
= Young though he is, he is wise.
cf. Young although he is, he is wise. (X)
▶ 명사가 앞에 나올 때는 관사가 탈락된다.
A beggar as he was, he was happy. (X)
→ Beggar as he was, he was happy. (O)
□ 부사절의 <주어 + be>의 생략
<시간․조건․양보> 부사절에서 주절과 주어가 같을 때 부사절의 <주어 + be>를 생략할 수 있다.
When (he was) a child, he lost his parents.
When (he was) young, he would go swimming in the river.
While (he was) at Oxford, he was active in the dramatic society.
While (he was) reading a book, he fell asleep.
When (he was) asked his opinions, he remained silent.
The task is rather difficult, if (it is) not impossible.
Though (he is) old, he is very strong.
===============================================
II. Step 2 기출 문제
(1) Extensive forests, mountain scenery is spectacular, abundant wildlife, and beautiful waterfalls are among the attractions of Glacier National Park.
(2) Although there was an accident on the highway, the driver decided to take a detour.
(3) What annoys me most is that my sons don‟t study.
(4) I had hardly left home than it began to rain.
(5) Since the poets and philosophers discovered the unconscious before him, that Freud discovered was the scientific method by which the unconscious can be studied.
(6) It is common these days to eat a healthy and balanced diet. This means watching what you eat.
(7) If caught smoking, chewing or even possessing tobacco by the police, an underage offender could be fined as much as $100, yanked off the street or out of the shopping mall and took home in the back seat of a squad car.
(8) So/ Such pervasive has celebrity become in contemporary American life that one now begins to hear a good deal about a phenomenon known as the Culture of Celebrity.
(9) When the Dalai Lama fled across the Himalayas into exile in the face of advancing Chinese troops, little did the youthful spiritual leader know what he might never see his Tibetan homeland again.
(10) Because of the controversial governmental budget bill was passed by Congress, the opposition party raised an opposing point of view enough to lead a severe disruption on ministry administration.
10. 접속사
(1) Extensive forests, mountain scenery is spectacular, abundant wildlife, and beautiful waterfalls are among the
->spectacular mountain scenery attractions of Glacier National Park. (X)
(2) Although there was an accident on the highway, the driver decided to take a detour. (X)
->Since
(3) What annoys me most is that my sons don’t study. (O)
(4) I had hardly left home than it began to rain. (X)
->when
(5) Since the poets and philosophers discovered the unconscious before him, that Freud discovered was the scientific method by which the unconscious can be studied. (X)
->what
(6) It is common these days to eat a healthy and balanced diet. This means watching what you eat. (O)
(7) If caught smoking, chewing or even possessing tobacco by the police, an underage offender could be fined as much as $100, yanked off the street or out of the shopping mall and took home in the back seat of a squad car. (X) ->taken
(8) So pervasive has celebrity become in contemporary American life that one now begins to hear a good deal about a phenomenon known as the Culture of Celebrity. (O)
(9) When the Dalai Lama fled across the Himalayas into exile in the face of advancing Chinese troops, little did the youthful spiritual leader know what he might never see his Tibetan homeland again. (X)
->that
(10) Because of the controversial governmental budget bill was passed by Congress, the opposition party raised
->Because an opposing point of view enough to lead a severe disruption on ministry administration. (X)
(11) Summer jobs are seen as good ways to get work experience, earn some money, and becoming more familiar with the realities of the world outside of school and family.
(12) Not until they began cultivating tobacco for sale abroad they could finance their activities and develop their country.
(13) One of the preeminent benefits I used to derive from being chancellor of a university was what I had the pleasure of meeting thoughtful men all over the world.
(14) New York‟s Christmas is featured in many movies while this time of year, which means that this holiday is the most romantic and special in the Big Apple.
(15) What a woman feels she has been assigned the role of silently listening audience does not mean that a man feels he has assigned her to that role.
(16) This not only frees up the line so that other family members can make and receive calls, but teaching your teen moderation and discipline.
(17) Thoreau lived alone in a cabin near concords Walden Pont and in doing this he set a famous example of courage, independence, and worthy.
(18) I don’t want to remember that they did to me.
(19) I am not certain that he will succeed or not.
(20) When Dr. Kozyrev first published what he thought he had seen on the moon, his interpretation was doubted by many astronomers in other lands.
(11) Summer jobs are seen as good ways to get work experience, earn some money, and becoming more familiar with the realities of the world outside of school and family. (X) ->become
(12) Not until they began cultivating tobacco for sale abroad they could finance their activities and develop their country. (X) ->could they finance
(13) One of the preeminent benefits I used to derive from being chancellor of a university was what I had the pleasure of meeting thoughtful men all over the world. (X) ->that
(14) New York’s Christmas is featured in many movies while this time of year, which means that this holiday is the most romantic and special in the Big Apple. (X) ->during
(15) What a woman feels she has been assigned the role of silently listening audience does not mean that a man
->That feels he has assigned her to that role. (X)
(16) This not only frees up the line so that other family members can make and receive calls, but teaching your teen moderation and discipline. (X) ->teaches
(17) Thoreau lived alone in a cabin near concords Walden Pont and in doing this he set a famous example of courage, independence, and worthy. (X)
->worth
(18) I don’t want to remember that they did to me. (X)
->what
(19) I am not certain that he will succeed or not. (X)
->whether
(20) When Dr. Kozyrev first published what he thought he had seen on the moon, his interpretation was doubted by many astronomers in other lands.(O)
(21) The important thing is not what you have but what you are.
(22) I wonder whether this was the right thing to do.
(23) Since this is fragile, be careful lest you should not break it.
(24) Tom made so firm a decision that it was no good trying to persuade him.
(25) Many people have the belief which the economy will get better.
(26) Despite he was sleepy, he kept watching TV.
(27) He lowered his voice for fear he should not be overheard.
(28) German shepherd dogs are smart, alert, and loyalty.
(29) However weary you may be, you must do the project.
(30) Although these intellectual and physical challenges, he loves to run.
(21) The important thing is not what you have but what you are. (O)
(22) I wonder whether this was the right thing to do. (O)
(23) Since this is fragile, be careful lest you should not break it.(X)
->not 삭제
(24) Tom made so firm a decision that it was no good trying to persuade him. (O)
(25) Many people have the belief which the economy will get better.(X)
->that
(26) Despite he was sleepy, he kept watching TV.(X)
->Although
(27) He lowered his voice for fear he should not be overheard. (X)
-> not삭제
(28) German shepherd dogs are smart, alert, and loyalty. (X)
->loyal
(29) However weary you may be, you must do the project. (O)
(30) Although these intellectual and physical challenges, he loves to run. (X)
->Despite
(31)To avoid this problem, experts suggest remembering important phone numbers in your head, and concentrating when reading magazines or newspapers.
(32) We tend to organize what we perceive into whole, continuous figures.
(33) Linguistics shares with other sciences a concern to be objective, systematic, consistency, and explicit in its account of language.
(34) That a husband understands a wife does not mean they are necessarily compatible.
(35) But he will come or not is not certain.
(36) It is not the strongest of the species, nor the most intelligent, or the one most responsive to change that survives to the end.
(31) To avoid this problem, experts suggest remembering important phone numbers in your head, and concentrating when reading magazines or newspapers. (O)
(32) We tend to organize what we perceive into whole, continuous figures. (O)
(33) Linguistics shares with other sciences a concern to be objective, systematic, consistency, and explicit in its account of language. (X) -> consistent
(34) That a husband understands a wife does not mean they are necessarily compatible. (O)
(35) But he will come or not is not certain. (X)
-> Whether
(36) It is not the strongest of the species, nor the most intelligent, or the one most responsive to change that survives to the end. (X) -> but