시제

□ 12시제

① 현재 : 원형(s) ② 과거 : 원형+ed/불규칙동사 ③ 미래 : will/shall + 원형 ④ 현재완료 : have/has + p.p ⑤ 과거완료 : had + p.p ⑥ 미래완료 : will/shall + have + p.p ⑦ 현재진행 : am/are/is + ～ing ⑧ 과거진행 : was/were + ～ing ⑨ 미래진행 : will/shall + be + ～ing 현재완료진행 : have/has + been + ～ing 과거완료진행 : had + been + ～ing 미래완료진행 : will/shall + have + been + ～ing

① I learn English.

② I learned English.

③ I will learn English.

④ I have learned English.

⑤ I had learned English.

⑥ I will have learned English.

⑦ I am learning English.

⑧ I was learning English.

⑨ I will be learning English.

I have been learning English.

I had been learning English.

I will have been learning English.

 

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󰊱 현재

과거․현재․미래에 걸친 상황을 나타낼 때 현재시제를 쓴다.

(1) 현재의 사실

He lives in Seoul.

 

.(2) 현재의 습관․반복적인 행위

always, as usual, every day, in the morning, at night, twice a week, in general, as a rule

I get up early every morning.

 

(3) 일반적 사실․진리

The sun rises in the east.

Water boils at 100℃.

 

󰊲 현재시제의 미래 대용

<시간․조건부사절>에서는 미래조동사 will/shall을 쓰지 않고 현재시제가 미래를 대용한다.

I will start when she will come back. (X)

→ I will start when she comes back. (O)

 

I will not go camping if it will rain tomorrow. (X)

→ I will not go camping if it rains tomorrow. (O)

▶ 명사절과 형용사절에서는 그대로 미래로 표현

I don't know when she will arrive. <명사절>

Tell me the time when you will return. <형용사절>

I wonder if he will come to the party. <명사절>

 

 

 

 

󰊳 과거

(1) 과거의 사실

과거 시점 부사어구가 있으면 항상 과거형을 써야 한다.

yesterday, then, at that time, those days, 시간 + ago, last + 시간, in + 연도, just now the other day, when I was young

He died three years ago.

I met her last night.

(2) 과거의 습관

She often told a lie to her parents.

 

(3) 역사적 사실 : 항상 과거시제

Columbus discovered America in 1492.

 

 

󰊴 미래

I will be seventeen years old next birthday.

Shall I call a doctor? <제가 ～할까요?>

Shall we go to the movies? <～하는 게 어때요?>

 

※ 미래 대용어

(1) be going to

What are you going to do tonight?

It is going to rain tomorrow.

(2) be about to :「막 ～하려고 하다」

The plane is about to leave.

(3) be to : 「～할 예정이다」

He is to come here tonight.

(4) be due to :「～할 예정이다」

The train is due to arrive in 5 minutes.

(5) be supposed to :「～하기로 되어 있다」

He is supposed to arrive at six.

(6) be likely to :「～할 것 같다」

The president is likely to resign.

 

 ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ

󰊵 진행시제

일시적인 동작의 계속

(1) 현재진형

He is studying hard right now. <일시적>

cf. He studies hard every day. <일반적>

▶ 미래대용 : 가까운 미래의 예정

We are visiting New York next month.

 

(2) 과거진행

어떤 행위의 <배경상황>은 과거진행시제를 써서 나타낸다.

I was calling Mary when he came.

<전화를 걸고 있는데 그가 왔다.>

cf. I called Mary when he came.

<그가 온 뒤에 전화를 했다.>

 

(3) 미래진행

He will be waiting at the airport when you arrive.

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊶 진행형을 쓸 수 없는 동사

상태․무의지 동사

be, belong to, exist, have, possess, own, think, know, believe, like, love, want, see, hear, smell, taste, feel, seem, appear, resemble

I am being here. (X)

The house is belonging to me. (X)

I am having a car. (X)

He is resembling his father. (X)

I am seeing a butterfly. (X)

 

▶ 동사의 뜻이 바뀌어 동작을 나타내거나 의지적인 행위가

될 때는 진행형이 가능하다.

I am having dinner now. (= eat)

I am having a good time. (= spend)

He is seeing the sights of Seoul. (구경[관광]하다)

 

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󰊷 현재완료

과거의 일이 현재와 연관을 갖는 시제

(1) 완료 :「지금 막 ～했다」

just (지금 막) already (긍정문 : 이미, 벌써) yet (의문문 : 이미, 벌써 / 부정문 : 아직)

I have just finished the work.

He has already started.

I have not passed my driving test yet.

(2) 경험 :「～한 적이 있다」

ever, never, before, often, once, twice

Have you ever seen a UFO before?

I have never met her.

 

(3) 계속 :「지금까지 죽 ～해오고 있다」

so far, up to now, until now (지금까지) for/in/during/over (～동안) (ever) since (～이래로)

I have studied English so far.

 

I have lived in Seoul for five years. <현재까지 5년째>

cf. I lived in Seoul for five years. .<과거의 5년간>

 

▶ 현재완료 + for[in] the last[past] + 기간

I lived in seoul for the last five years. .(X)

→ I have lived in seoul for the last five years. (O)

 

(4) 결과 :「～했다 (그 결과 지금 …하다)」

I have lost my watch.

= I lost my watch and I don't have it now.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊸 since의 용법

(1) 전치사

현재완료 + since + 특정 과거 시점

He has been ill since last year.

 

▶ for + 막연한 기간

He has been ill for two years.

. 󰠆since two years. .(X)

. 󰠌since two years ago. (O)

 

(2) 접속사

현재완료 + since + 과거시제

I have lived here since I was born.

 

▶ 주절에 <비인칭주어>가 올 때는 예외적으로 현재시제가

가능하다.

It is/has been three years since I came to Seoul.

= Three years have passed since I came to Seoul.

 

󰊹 have been to

(1) 경험 :「～에 가 본 적이 있다」

I have never been to Chejudo.

 

(2) 완료 :「～에 갔다 왔다」

I have just been to Chejudo.

 

※ have gone to :「～에 가버렸다」<결과>

He has gone to New York.

cf. I[You] have gone to New York. (X)

<1․2인칭 주어 사용 불가>

 

 

현재완료와 함께 쓸 수 없는 부사

(1) 명백한 과거시점을 나타내는 부사

I have seen Mary a week ago. (X)

→ I saw Mary a week ago. (O)

 

(2) 의문사 when

When have you seen the movie? (X)

→ When did you see the movie? (O)

(3) just now (= a moment ago)

He has left here just now. (X)

→ He left here just now. (O)

 

 

󰊹 과거완료

 (1) 과거 어느 시점까지의 <완료․경험․계속․결과>

I had finished my breakfast when he came. <완료>

I had never seen a tiger till I visited the zoo. <경험>

I had lived there for ten years when the war broke

out. <계속>

I had lost my watch when I left the train. <결과>

 

 (2) 대과거

과거 어느 시점 이전에 발생한 일

I found that I had lost my purse.

 

I lost the watch that my uncle had bought me.

cf. My uncle bought me a watch and I lost it.

<사건발생 순서대로 쓰면 둘 다 과거시제>

 

▶ before, after, when 등이 있어서 전후 관계가 분명한

경우 과거완료 대신 과거시제를 쓸 수 있다.

The train left/had left before we reached the station.

I ate lunch after my wife came/had come back.

 

 

󰊹 미래완료

미래 어느 시점까지의 <완료․경험․계속․결과>

by + 미래표시어, by the time + S + V

He will have finished the work by next week. <완료>

If he visits L.A. again, he will have been there three times. <경험>

I will have lived here for 20 years by next month. <계속>

I will have gone a trip by the time you come. <결과>

 

 

󰊹 완료진행시제

완료시제가 동작의 계속을 뜻할 때

I have been teaching English for ten years.

I had been reading for two hours till he came.

I will have been teaching English for ten years by next year.

 

 

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󰊹 시제일치

(1) 시제일치의 원칙

∙주절(현재) → 종속절(시점 부사에 일치) ∙주절(과거) → 종속절(과거․과거완료)

I think that he works hard.

.worked

.will work

 

⇒ I thought that he worked hard.

had worked

would work <과거에서 본 미래>

 

(2) 시제일치의 예외

. ⅰ) 일반적 사실․진리, 현재의 습관,

현재에도 미치는 사실일 때 → 항상 현재

He said that the earth goes around the sun.

He said that he gets up at 6 every morning.

He said that he lives now in Seoul.

 

.ⅱ) 역사적 사실 → 항상 과거

He said that the Korean War broke out in 1950. 

ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ

(1) Columbus proved that the earth was round.

(2) Please remember to put out the cat before you go to bed.

(3) The hotel has been closed for many years.

(4) He is leaving for China next Friday.

(5) The weather has been nasty for half a month.

(6) I have not walked a mile before it began to rain.

(7) I will have read this book four times if I read it once again.

(8) I couldn’t dream that I am able to pass the examination at the first attempt.

(9) I have successfully completed writing the book three weeks ago.

(10) World War II has broken out in 1939.

4. 시제

(1) Columbus proved that the earth was round. (X)

->is

(2) Please remember to put out the cat before you go to bed. (O)

(3) The hotel has been closed for many years. (O)

(4) He is leaving for China next Friday. (O)

(5) The weather has been nasty for half a month. (O)

(6) I have not walked a mile before it began to rain. (X)

->had

(7) I will have read this book four times if I read it once again. (O)

(8) I couldn’t dream that I am able to pass the examination at the first attempt. (X)

->was

(9) I have successfully completed writing the book three weeks ago.(X)

-> completed

(10) World War II has broken out in 1939. (X)

>broke out

(11) As soon as I will get all the vaccinations, I will be leaving for a break.

(12) The result is that you’ll keep postponing your savings plan until it will be too late to do anything about it.

(13) Please arrive back here a day early, in case there will be some details to talk over.

(14) We will be having dinner when she comes tomorrow morning.

(15) The newspapers that were piled up on the front porch were an indication that the residents had not been

home in some time.

(16) The scientist reminded us that light travels at a tremendous speed.

(17) I have been knowing Jose until I was seven.

(18) When he left his hometown thirty years ago, little does he dream that he could never see it again.

(19) I barely finished my homework after he returns to my house.

(20) China’s imports of Russian oil skyrocketed by 36 percent in 2014.

(21) I’ll lend you with money provided you will pay me back by Saturday.

(11) As soon as I will get all the vaccinations, I will be leaving for a break. (X)

->get

(12) The result is that you‘ll keep postponing your savings plan until it will be too late to do anything about it. (X)

-> is

(13) Please arrive back here a day early, in case there will be some details to talk over. (X)

->are

(14) We will be having dinner when she comes tomorrow morning. (O)

(15) The newspapers that were piled up on the front porch were an indication that the residents had not been

home in some time. (O)

(16) The scientist reminded us that light travels at a tremendous speed. (O)

(17) I have been knowing Jose until I was seven. (X)

-> had known

(18) When he left his hometown thirty years ago, little does he dream that he could never see it again. (X)

-> did

(19) I barely finished my homework after he returns to my house. (X)

-> had returned.

(20) China’s imports of Russian oil skyrocketed by 36 percent in 2014. (O)

(21) I’ll lend you with money provided you will pay me back by Saturday. (X)

-> lend you money ->pay