대명사

A. 인칭대명사

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□ 인칭대명사의 종류

인칭	수․성		주 격	목적격	소유격	소유대명사	재귀대명사
1인칭	단 수		I	me	my	mine	myself
	복 수		we	us	our	ours	ourselves
2인칭	단 수		you	you	your	yours	yourself
	복 수		you	you	your	yours	yourselves
3인칭	단수	남성	he	him	his	his	himself
		여성	she	her	her	hers	herself
		중성	it	it	its	-	itself
	복 수		they	them	their	theirs	themselves

 

 

󰊱 인칭대명사의 격

(1) 주격 : 주어․주격보어

Jane and I wanted to go.

I thought it was she.

 

(2) 목적격 : 목적어․목적격보어

Do you love me?

I thought it to be him.

 

▶ 전치사 뒤에는 목적격을 쓴다.

Let's divide money between you and I. (X)

→ Let's divide money between you and me. .(O)

(3) 소유격 : 한정사

She needs your help.

 

▶ its : it의 소유격

it's : <it is>의 축약형

The baby took its toy.

I think it's Jason.

(4) 소유대명사 = 소유격 + 명사

.ⅰ) 소유격 뒤의 명사의 반복을 피하기 위해 사용

My car is as expensive as yours. <= your car>

.ⅱ) 이중소유격에서

Robert Smith is a friend of his.

 

 

󰊲 인칭대명사의 수의 일치

대명사는 선행명사와 <수>가 일치해야 한다.

All students are expected to turn in his papers on time. .(X)

→ All students are expected to turn in their papers on time. (O)

 

It was during the 1920's that the friendship between Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached their highest point. (X)

→ It was during the 1920's that the friendship between Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point. (O)

 

 

 

 

 

󰊳 재귀대명사

(1) 재귀 용법

목적어가 주어와 동일인일 때 사용

She killed herself. <She 〓 herself>

cf. She killed her. .<She ≠ her>

 

▶ 동일한 절 내에서만 적용된다.

John said that Mary doesn't like himself. (X)

→ John said that Mary doesn't like him. (O)

 

Various animals have shells that keep themselves from growing beyond a certain size. (X)

→ Various animals have shells that keep them from growing beyond a certain size. (O)

 

 

(2) 강조 용법

(대)명사 뒤에 혹은 문미에 동격으로 쓰여 강조한다.

I saw him do it myself. <주어 강조>

I saw him do it himself. . <목적어 강조>

 

(3) 관용 표현

∙for oneself :「혼자 힘으로」 ∙by oneself :「혼자서」 ∙to oneself :「혼자서만, 독점하여」 ∙beside oneself :「제정신이 아닌」 ∙in spite of oneself :「자신도 모르게」 ∙of itself :「저절로」 ∙in itself :「그 자체로서, 본래」

The baby cannot stand for himself.

She lives in the large apartment by herself.

 

 

 

 

 

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B. 지시대명사

 

󰊴 this/that

(1) that/those

반복되는 명사 뒤에 한정어구가 있는 경우

The climate of Italy is similar to that of Korea.

<= the climate>

The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a cat.

<= the ears>

(2) those who/which ～ :「～하는 사람들/것들」

관계대명사의 선행사로 they, them은 불가

They who were present were all pleased. (X)

→ Those who were present were all pleased. (O)

 

(3) 지시부사 this/that :「이(그)만큼, 이(그)렇게」

It was about this high.

Did you get up that early?

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊵 such

(1) as such

as 뒤의 반복되는 명사는 such로 대신한다.

I am a civilian and want to be treated as such.

<= as a civilian>

 

(2) such as :「(예를 들면) ～과 같은」(= like)

poets such as Dante and Goethe

= such poets as Dante and Goethe

 

(3) such as it is (they are) :「변변치 않지만」

The food, such as it was, was plentiful.

 

󰊶 so

(1) 목적어

<think/hope/believe/say/expect/suppose/be afraid> 뒤에서 절을 대신한다.

A: Will he pass the exam?

B: I hope so. <= that he will pass the exam>

▶ 부정문은 not으로 대신한다.

I'm afraid not. <= that he will not pass the exam>

 

(2) 보어

<be, become, keep, remain, seem> 뒤에서 앞의 명사․ 형용사를 대신한다.

She was poor but she did not seem so. <= poor>

 

 

 

 

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C. 부정대명사

 

󰊷 one

(1) 일반인 : one 또는 he로 받는다.

One should obey one's/his parents.

 

(2) <a + 단수가산명사>의 대용

∙one : 불특정한 대상 ∙it . : 특정한 대상

I lost my umbrella; I must buy one. <= an umbrella>

I lost my umbrella; I must find it. <= the umbrella>

 

(3) 한정사/형용사 뒤의 대명사는 one을 쓴다.(복수형은 ones)

This one is too small. Do you have a bigger one?

I don't like white socks. Don't you have black ones?

 

(4) one으로 받을 수 없는 경우

. ⅰ) 불가산명사(물질명사․추상명사)

I like red wine better than white one. (X)

 

. ⅱ) 소유격 (+ own) 뒤

The hat is larger than my sister's one. (X)

This house is my own one. (X)

  

.ⅲ) 기수 뒤

She has three dolls and I have two ones. (X)

 

.ⅳ) these/those 뒤

Do you like these cigarettes or those ones? (X)

 

󰊸 some/any

(1) 대명사․형용사로 쓰이며 some은 긍정문에 any는 부정문․의문문․조건문에 쓰인다.

Do you have any money?

- Yes, I have some money.

- No, I don't have any money.

If you have any questions, please ask me.

 

▶ someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody,

anything은 대명사로 some, any 용법에 준한다.

 

(2) 의문문에서 긍정의 답을 기대하거나 <권유․제안>을 나타낼 때 some을 쓴다.

Could I have some water?

Would you like some coffee?

 

(3) 긍정문에 쓰인 any는「어떤 ～라도」의 뜻이다.

 Any boy can do it.

 

※ 부정문에서 any를 주어로 쓰지 않는다.

Any boy can't do it. (X)

→ No boy can do it. (O)

 

󰊹 each/every

항상 단수 취급한다.

(1) each : 대명사, 형용사

∙each of + 복수명사 ∙each + 단수명사

Each has his own life style.

Each of the boys has his own room.

Each boy has his own room.

(2) every : 형용사로만 쓰인다.

∙every + 단수명사

every는 단독으로 쓸 수 없고, -one/body/thing과 결합하여 부정대명사를 이룰 수 있다.

Every boy has his own room.

Every has his own life style. .(X)

→ Everyone has his own life style. (O)

 

▶ <every + 수사 + 복수명사> :「～마다」

The Olympics are held every four years.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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󰊹 all/most/almost

(1) all : 대명사, 형용사

∙all + (of) + 한정사 + 명사 ∙all + 가산명사(복수)/불가산명사(단수)

all of the boys <대명사>

all boys <형용사>

all the boys .<전치한정사>

 

(2) most : 대명사, 형용사

∙most + of + 한정사 + 명사 ∙most + 명사

명사 앞에 한정사가 붙어 있을 때에는 반드시 of가 있어야 한다.

most of the boys <대명사>

most boys .<형용사>

cf. most the boys (X)

 

(3) almost : 부사

almost는 부사이므로 명사를 수식할 수는 없다.

그러나 <all/every/any/no>등과 같은 부정대명사/ 부정형용사는 수식할 수 있다.

Most all the money was stolen. (X)

→ Almost all the money was stolen. (O)

 

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󰊹 other/another

(1) 둘 중에서

󰠆󰠏one :「하나는」

󰠌󰠏the other :「나머지 하나는」

We have two cars; one is my father's

and the other is mine.

 

(2) 셋 이상에서

.ⅰ) 󰠆󰠏one :「하나는」

. .󰠌󰠏the others :「나머지 전부는」

There are four books; one is mine, and

the others are hers.

 

.ⅱ) 󰠆󰠏one :「하나는」

. . 󰠌󰠏another :「또 하나는」

There are four cars; one is mine, another my father's,

a third my mother's, and the other my sister's.

 

. ⅲ) 󰠆󰠏some :「일부는」

. .󰠌󰠏others :「또 일부는」

I have a lot of flowers. Some are red and

others are yellow.

 

.ⅳ) 󰠆󰠏some :「일부는」

󰠌󰠏the others :「나머지 전부는」

I have a lot of flowers. Some are red and

the others are yellow.

 

  

 

(3) another의 기타 용법

. ⅰ) Will you have another cup of coffee? <= one more>

 

. ⅱ) I don't like this hat; show me another?

<= a different one>

 

.ⅲ) A is one thing; B is another. :「A와 B는 별개이다」

To know is one thing; to teach is another.

 

(4) another + 단수가산명사

other + 복수가산명사/불가산명사

another friends (X)

→ another friend (O)

→ other friends .(O)

 

another information (X)

→ other information (O)

 

▶ another + 수사 + 복수명사

In another three weeks, it'll be finished.

 

(5) 상호대명사 :「서로 서로」

∙each other : 둘 사이 ∙one another : 셋 이상

These two men hate each other.

The three brothers quarrel with one another.

 

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󰊹 either/neither

대명사․형용사로 쓰이며 항상 단수 취급한다.

지시 대상이 둘 일 경우에만 쓴다.

∙either/neither of + 복수명사 ∙either/neither + 단수명사

Either of the two books is available.

You can take either book.

 

Neither of the two boys was as yet 20 years old.

Neither parent realized what was happening.

 

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󰊹 none/no

(1) none : 대명사로만 쓰인다.

<none of + 복수명사>는 단수 또는 복수 취급

None have succeeded in solving the problem.

None of us want/wants to die.

None of the milk was left.

(2) no : 형용사로만 쓰인다.

No boy can do it.

I have no friends.

 

▶ no는 -one/body/thing과 결합하여 부정대명사를

이룰 수 있다.

No one/Nobody likes him.

He said nothing. 

===================================

I. Step 2 기출 문제

(1) Take the case of two people who are watching a football game. One person, who has very little understanding of football, sees merely a bunch of grown men hitting each other. Another person, who loves football, sees complex play patterns, daring coaching strategies, and effective blocking and tackling techniques.

(2) The flora of the arid American Southwest is less varied than that of the semi-tropical Southeast

(3) To practice summarizing, after watching a program, parents can turn off the TV and ask how the story was about.

(4) His forecasts of the economy are much more positive than that of many analysts, who fear the country is going into a recession.

(5) The weather of Korea is much milder than Japan.

(6) This book is mainly concerned with climate changes that are likely to take place as a result of global warming.

(7) The task which confronts him is not different from that which faced his predecessor.

(8) In resolving conflict, what you say it is as important as how you say. (당신이 갈등을 해결할 때, 그것을 어떻게 말하느냐가 무엇을 말하느냐 만큼 중요하다. )

(9) Although Julia Adams was almost totally deaf in one ear and had weak hearing in another, she overcame the handicap and became an internationally renowned pianist.

(10) This is bad news, but there is good news. Part of the good news is that this estimate was about one percent less than those of the previous year.

12. 대명사 (의문사)

(1) Take the case of two people who are watching a football game. One person, who has very little

understanding of football, sees merely a bunch of grown men hitting each other. Another person, who loves football, ~ (X) 

-> The other

(2) The flora of the arid American Southwest is less varied than that of the semi-tropical Southeast. (O)

(3) To practice summarizing, after watching a program, parents can turn off the TV and ask how the story was about. (X) 

-> what

(4) His forecasts of the economy are much more positive than that of many analysts, who fear the country is going into a recession. (X) 

->those

(5) The weather of Korea is much milder than Japan.(X)

->than that of

(6) This book is mainly concerned with climate changes that are likely to take place as a result of global warming.(O)

(7) The task which confronts him is not different from that which faced his predecessor. (O)

(8) In resolving conflict, what you say it is as important as how you say. (당신이 갈등을 해결할 때, 그것을 어떻게 말하느냐가 무엇을 말하느냐 만큼 중요하다. )(X) 

->what you say is as important as how you say it. (영작문제)

(9) Although Julia Adams was almost totally deaf in one ear and had weak hearing in another, she overcame the handicap and became an internationally renowned pianist. (X) 

->the other (귀니까.. 당연히 두개)

(10) This is bad news, but there is good news. Part of the good news is that this estimate was about one percent less than those of the previous year. (X)

->that

(11) Between she and her husband there have been nothing but arguments; this is a situation which is strikingly typical of most modern marriage.

(12) They also tend to imagine that their futures will be brighter than that of their peers.

(13) But my worst moment came when I decided to climb up to the high diving tower to see how the view was like.

(14) To work is one thing, and to make money is another. (일하는 것과 돈 버는 것은 별개의 것이다.)

(15) Unless scientists discover new ways to increase food production, the Earth will not be able to satisfy the food needs of all their inhabitants.

(11) Between she and her husband there have been nothing but arguments; (X)

-> her (비트윈은 전치사다)

(12) They also tend to imagine that their futures will be brighter than that of their peers.(X)

->those

(13) But my worst moment came when I decided to climb up to the high diving tower to see how the view was like.(X) 

->what

(14) To work is one thing, and to make money is another. (일하는 것과 돈 버는 것은 별개의 것이다.)(O) (이게 예외적인 원띵)

(15) Unless scientists discover new ways to increase food production, the Earth will not be able to satisfy the food needs of all their inhabitants. (X)

->its