관계사
관계대명사의 종류와 격
∙관계대명사 = 접속사 + 대명사 ⇒ 형용사절
∙관계대명사 + 불완전한 절
(선행사) (관계대명사) ∙사람 + who ∙사물 + which ∙사람․사물 + that |
(1) 주격 + ( ) + V
This is the man who/that lives next door to me.
The book which/that is on the desk is mine.
(2) 목적격 + S + V + ( )
목적격 관계대명사는 생략할 수 있다.
This is the man (whom/that) I met yesterday.
The book (which/that) I bought yesterday is interesting.
(3) 소유격 + 명사
∙소유격관계대명사 + 완전한 절
This is the man whose name is Leon.
▶ which의 소유격
the + 명사 + of which = of which + the + 명사 = whose + 무관사 명사 |
He said a word the meaning of which I don't know.
= He said a word of which the meaning I don't know.
= He said a word whose meaning I don't know.
삽입절과 관계대명사의 격
<think, believe, know, say> 등 인식동사가 사용된 삽입절은 관계대명사의 격에 영향을 주지 않는다.
He is a boy who I think is honest.
⇒ He is a boy. + I think (that) he is honest.
cf. He is a boy whom I think to be honest. <삽입절이 아님>
⇒ He is a boy. + I think him to be honest.
전치사 + 관계대명사
∙<전치사 + 관계대명사> + 완전한 절
(1) 관계사절의 전치사가 관계대명사 앞으로 도치된 경우
This is the man of whom I spoke.
⇒ This is the man (whom) I spoke of.
She has a son of whom she is very proud.
⇒ She has a son (whom) she is very proud of.
(2) 선행사에 의해 전치사가 결정되는 경우
This is the pen with which she wrote the book.
⇒ This is the pen. + She wrote the book with the pen.
계속적 용법의 which
계속적 용법의 which는 <형용사․구․절>을 선행사로 받을 수 있다.
He is rich, which unfortunately I am not.
He tried to solve the problem, which was impossible.
I said nothing, which made her angry.
관계대명사 that의 용법
(1) 선행사가 부정대명사(all, any, every, no)일 때
All that glitters is not gold.
(2) 선행사 앞에 강한 한정어가 있을 때
the only, the very, the+서수, the+최상급 |
This is the best movie that I have ever seen.
She is the only woman that/whom I love.
<이러한 한정어 뒤에 <사람>이 올 때는 who도 가능>
(3) 선행사가 의문대명사일 때
Who that is sane can do such a thing?
(4) 선행사가 사람+사물[동물]일 때
Look at the boy and the dog that are running over there.
※ 관계대명사 that 앞에는 <전치사>와 <comma>가 올 수
없다.
This is the house that I live in.
→ This is the house in that I live. .(X)
→ This is the house, that I live in. (X)
관계대명사 what
(1) 선행사 + 관계대명사 ⇒ 명사절
∙what = the thing that ～ :「～하는 것」
What is important is courage.
This is what I want.
▶ 관계대명사 what 앞에는 선행사가 올 수 없다.
This is the thing what he says. (X)
→ This is the thing that he says. (O)
(2) 관계형용사 what
∙what + 명사 = all the + 명사 + that ～
I gave him what money I had.
▶ what little :「(양이) 적으나마 모든」
what few :「(수가) 적으나마 모든」
I gave him what little money I had.
I have sold what few books I had.
(3) what의 관용 표현
.ⅰ) what + S + be
∙what S is :「S의 현재의 상태․모습」 ∙what S was[used to be] :「S의 과거의 상태․모습」 |
What I am is quite different from what I was.
.ⅱ) A is to B what[as] C is to D :
「A와 B의 관계는 C와 D의 관계와 같다」
Reading is to the mind what food is to the body.
= What food is to the body, reading is to the mind.
.ⅲ) what is called = what we call :「소위, 이른바」
He is what is called a book-worm.
.ⅳ) what is + 비교급
∙what is better :「錦上添花격으로」 ∙what is worse :「雪上加霜으로」 |
He is handsome, and what is better, very rich.
She lost her way, and what was worse, it began to rain.
관계대명사의 생략
(1) 목적격관계대명사
ⅰ) 타동사의 목적어
The man I met yesterday is my teacher.
ⅱ) 전치사의 목적어
전치사의 목적어가 생략되면, 전치사는 반드시 후치.
This is the house she lives in.
(2) 주격관계대명사
. ⅰ) 주격보어
He is not the man (that) he was.
. ⅱ) There is 구문 앞․뒤
There is a man downstairs (who) wants to see you.
He is one of the best soccer players (that) there are
in the world.
(3) 주격관계대명사 + be
Can you see the girl (who is) reading a book?
This is a novel (which was) written by Hemingway.
The painting (which is) on the wall was a wedding present.
This is a book (which is) useful for children.
관계사절의 일치
관계사절의 동사는 선행사의 수에 일치시킨다.
He has a son who is very tall.
He has two sons who are very tall.
▶ 일치에 주의해야할 선행사
∙one of + 복수명사 + 관계대명사 + 복수동사 ∙the only one of + 복수명사 + 관계대명사 + 단수동사 |
John was one of the boys who were not eligible.
John was the only one of the boys who was not eligible.
부정대명사/수사 + of + 관계대명사
<of + 관계대명사> 앞에 <one, either, both, some, any, many, most, all, none, 수사> 등이 있는 경우 of는 「～중에서」의 뜻이다.
He has a lot of friends, many of whom are teachers.
= He has a lot of friends, of whom many are teachers.
= He has a lot of friends, and many of them are teachers.
복합관계대명사
∙관계대명사 + ever : 선행사 + 관계대명사
(1) <명사절>이나 <양보부사절>을 이끈다.
.ⅰ) 명사절
Whoever says so is a liar.
= Anyone who says so is a liar.
Whatever he says is true.
= Anything that he says is true.
I will give you whichever you choose.
= I will give you any one that you choose.
.ⅱ) 양보부사절
Whoever says so, I don't believe it.
= No matter who says so, I don't believe it.
Whatever you may think, he is innocent.
= No matter what you may think, he is innocent.
Whichever you choose, you will be satisfied.
= No matter which you choose, you will be satisfied.
▶ 복합관계형용사
∙ whatever/whichever + 명사
You may read whatever book you like.
Whichever side wins, I will be satisfied.
(2) whatever는 범위가 정해지지 않은 막연한 뜻일 때 쓰고,
whichever는 범위가 정해진 선택의 뜻일 때 쓴다.
Do whatever you like.
Whichever of the three sisters you choose to marry,
you will have a good wife.
(3) whatever/whatsoever가 부정어 뒤에 오면 at all (전혀)의 뜻을 갖는 강조 부사가 된다.
He has no sense whatever.
= He has no sense at all.
(4) 복합관계대명사는 <단수> 취급한다.
Whoever comes, he will be welcomed.
(5) 복합관계대명사의 격
복합관계대명사의 격은 바로 앞에 있는 동사나 전치사와는 무관하게 관계사절의 구조만으로 결정한다.
I'll give it to whoever wants it.
= I'll give it to anyone who wants it.
I'll give it to whomever you like.
= I'll give it to anyone whom you like.
유사 관계대명사
∙as, but, than + 불완전한 절
(1) such, as[so], the same ～ as
Read such books as will be helpful.
As many men as came were caught.
This is the same watch as I lost. <같은 종류>
cf. This is the same watch that I lost. <동일물>
▶ 계속적 용법의 as는 앞․뒤의 절을 받기도 한다.
He was in need of money, as was often the case.
As may be expected, it is very expensive.
(2) no/not/never ～ but
∙but = that/who ～ not :「～하지 않는」
There is no rule but has exceptions.
= There is no rule that does not have exceptions.
There is no one but wants money.
= There is no one who does not want money.
(3) 비교급 ～ than
Don't use more words than are necessary.
You have more books than I have.
관계부사
(1) 관계부사의 종류
∙관계부사 = 접속사 + 부사 ⇒ 형용사절
∙관계부사 + 완전한 절
∙시간 + when ∙장소 + where ∙이유 + why ∙방법 + how |
Tell me the day when she will come back.
This is the house where I was born.
This is the reason why he did it.
▶ 선행사 the way와 관계부사 how는 반드시 둘 중 하나를 생략해야 한다.
This is the way how he solved the problem. .(X)
→ This is the way he solved the problem. (O)
→ This is how he solved the problem. (O)
(2) 관계부사/선행사의 생략
. ⅰ) 관계부사의 생략
I know the time (when) he will come back.
Tell me the reason (why) you didn't come.
. ⅱ) 선행사의 생략
선행사가 생략되면 <명사절>이 된다.
This is (the place) where the accident happened.
Now is (the time) when I need you most.
That is (the reason) why he was absent.
※ 관계대명사와 관계부사의 차이
관계대명사 + 불완전한 절
관계부사 + 완전한 절
This is the house which my uncle built last year.
This is the house where my uncle lived last year.
복합관계부사
∙관계부사 + ever : 선행사 + 관계부사
(1) 시간․장소부사절
You may come whenever you like.
= You may come at any time when you like.
I will follow you wherever you go.
= I will follow you to any place where you go.
(2) 양보부사절
Whenever you may come, you are welcome.
= No matter when you may come, you are welcome.
Wherever she is, I will find her.
= No matter where she is, I will find her.
▶ however + 형용사․부사 + S + V :「아무리 ～할지라도」
However stupid he is, he wouldn't do that.
= No matter how stupid he is, he wouldn't do that.
==================================
II. Step 2 기출 문제
(1) All that is needed is a continuous supply of food and water.
(2) Who comes back first is supposed to get a lot of money.
(3) The other night the orchestra played four symphonies, one of them was Mozart‟s.
(4) In 1863 American President Abraham Lincoln made Thanksgiving an official annual holiday, when is now celebrated on the 4th Thursday of November each year.
(5) This is the boy whom I believe deceived me.
(6) There is no rule but has exceptions.
(7) He was the only man that I knew in my neighborhood.
(8) It seems safe to say that the least assimilated of Asian-Americans include the residents of New York‟s sprawling Chinatown, many of who never learn English and rarely move out of their own community.
(9) The child sits quietly, schooled by hazards to which he has been earlier exposed.
(10) I have a photograph of the home where I grew up.
(1) All that is needed is a continuous supply of food and water.(O)
(2) Who comes back first is supposed to get a lot of money. (X)
->Whoever
(3) The other night the orchestra played four symphonies, one of them was Mozart’s. (X)
->which
(4) In 1863 American President Abraham Lincoln made Thanksgiving an official annual holiday, when is now
celebrated on the 4th Thursday of November each year. (X) ->which
(5) This is the boy whom I believe deceived me. X)
->who (이것도 9번)
(6) There is no rule but has exceptions. (O)
(7) He was the only man that I knew in my neighborhood. (O)
(8) It seems safe to say that the least assimilated of Asian-Americans include the residents of New York’s sprawling Chinatown, many of who never learn English and rarely move out of their own community. (X)
->whom
(9) The child sits quietly, schooled by hazards to which he has been earlier exposed. (O)
(10) I have a photograph of the home where I grew up. (O)
(11) She wants to rent the apartment where she saw last Sunday.
(12) I am tired of shoe stores where there‟s nothing that fits my style.
(13) You may invite who you desire to the company outing.
(14) The substantial rise in the number of working mothers, whose costs for childcare were not factored into the administration’s policymaking, was one of the main reasons why led to the unexpected result at the polls.
(15) Chile is a Latin American country where throughout most of the twentieth century was marked by a relatively advanced liberal democracy on the one hand and only moderate economic growth.
(16) He barely managed to drive to the nearest hospital, which he was admitted to coronary-care unit.
(17) Code talkers was a term used to describe people who talk using a coded language. It is frequently used to describe Native Americans who served in the United States Marine Corps which primary job was the transmission of secret tactical messages.
(18) Subsequently, however, astronomers here have seen color changes [which /where] they, too, believe are signs of continuing volcanic activity on the previously supposed dead body of the moon.
(19) Tom moved to Chicago, which he worked for Louis Sullivan.
(20) Who is there but loves his own home? (자신의 가정을 사랑하지 않는 사람이 누가 있겠는가?)
(11) She wants to rent the apartment where she saw last Sunday. (X)
->which (아파트를)
(12) I am tired of shoe stores where there’s nothing that fits my style. (O)
(13) You may invite who you desire to the company outing. (X)
->whomever (11번이론)
(14) The substantial rise in the number of working mothers, whose costs for childcare were not factored into the administration’s policymaking, was one of the main reasons why led to the unexpected result at the polls. (X)
->that or which (주어가 없다)
(15) Chile is a Latin American country where throughout most of the twentieth century was marked by a relatively
->which (역시 뒤에 주어가 없기에)
advanced liberal democracy on the one hand and only moderate economic growth. (X)
(16) He barely managed to drive to the nearest hospital, which he was admitted to coronary-care unit. (X)
->where
(17) Code talkers was a term used to describe people who talk using a coded language. It is frequently used to
describe Native Americans who served in the United States Marine Corps which primary job was the
transmission of secret tactical messages. (X) ->whose
(18) Subsequently, however, astronomers here have seen color changes which they, too, believe are signs of
continuing volcanic activity on the previously supposed dead body of the moon. (O)
(19) Tom moved to Chicago, which he worked for Louis Sullivan. (X)
->where
(20) Who is there but loves his own home? (자신의 가정을 사랑하지 않는 사람이 누가 있겠는가?) (O)
(21) Who that is rich could do such a stingy thing?
(22) He employed a man whom he thought was diligent.
(23) Bananas contain resistant starch which research shows block conversion of some carbohydrates into fuel.
(24) It was the main entrance for that she was looking.
(25) However you may try hard, you cannot carry it out.
(26) The police found an old coin which date had become worn and illegible.
(27) His sense of responsibility urged him to undertake the dangerous task which he eventually sacrificed himself.
(28) Alcino Pereira, an intellectually challenged orphan from East Timor, who is unable to speak, has never had access to health care.
(29) The previous revised editions were driven by the huge increase in knowledge, both scientific and experiential, that arose on this new topic.
(30) We can all avoid doing things that we know damages the body, such as smoking cigarettes, drinking too much alcohol or taking harmful drugs.
(21) Who that is rich could do such a stingy thing? (O) 누가그런 인색한 짓을 하겠는가... 누가를 한정시켜줌.
(22) He employed a man whom he thought was diligent. (X)
->who
(23) Bananas contain resistant starch which research shows block conversion of some carbohydrates into fuel. (X)
->blocks
(24) It was the main entrance for that she was looking. (X)
->which
(25) However you may try hard, you cannot carry it out. (X)
->However hard you may try
(26) The police found an old coin which date had become worn and illegible.(X)
->whose
(27) His sense of responsibility urged him to undertake the dangerous task which he eventually sacrificed himself.(X)
->for which
(28) Alcino Pereira, an intellectually challenged orphan from East Timor, who is unable to speak, has never had
access to health care.(O)
(29) People who are satisfied appreciate what they have in life and don`t worry about how it compares to
which others have. (X)
->what
(30) We can all avoid doing things that we know damages the body, such as smoking cigarettes, drinking too much alcohol or taking harmful drugs. (X)
->damage (동사다 이거. 이게 위의 9번)
(31) The previous revised editions were driven by the huge increase in knowledge, both scientific and experiential, that arose on this new topic.
(32) In addition, pattern books frequently contain pictures what may facilitate story comprehension.
(33) They prefer to store such information on their cell phones or computers rather than use their heads, which leads to a condition known as digital dementia, or forgetfulness.
(34) The building was destroyed in a fire, the cause of which was never confirmed.
(31) The previous revised editions were driven by the huge increase in knowledge, both scientific and experiential, that arose on this new topic. (O)----(컴마, 컴마, 는 삽입구 앞에것이 선행사)
(32) In addition, pattern books frequently contain pictures what may facilitate story comprehension. (X)
->that
(33) They prefer to store such information on their cell phones or computers rather than use their heads, which
leads to a condition known as digital dementia, or forgetfulness. (O)
(34) The building was destroyed in a fire, the cause of which was never confirmed. (O)