분사
A. 분사
□ 현재분사와 과거분사
현재분사 | 원형+ing | <능동>의 뜻 |
과거분사 | 원형+ed 불규칙동사의 p.p | <수동>의 뜻 |
∙자동사 → 항상 현재분사
∙타동사 목적어 있으면 → 현재분사
목적어 없으면 → 과거분사
분사의 형용사적 용법
(1) 한정적 용법
.ⅰ) 전치수식 : 분사 단독일 때
a sleeping baby
a dancing girl
a running horse
a broken window
a used car
a wounded soldier
▶ 자동사의 과거분사는 <완료>의 뜻이다.
fallen leaves <낙엽>
the risen sun <떠오른 태양>
.ⅱ) 후치수식 : 분사에 다른 어구가 수반될 때
People living in the city are very busy everyday.
The boy writing a letter is my friend.
I received a letter written in English.
Look at the mountain covered with snow.
▶ 단독분사의 후치수식
① 일시적․동사적 속성을 지닌 경우
the people attending
the problems discussed
② 대명사를 수식하는 경우
those invited
(2) 서술적 용법
.ⅰ) 주격보어
She sat waiting on the bench.
The door remained locked.
.ⅱ) 목적격보어
I heard him playing the piano.
She kept me waiting so long.
I want it finished by tomorrow.
I heard my name called.
I had my car repaired.
I got my car stolen.
감정동사
감정을 유발할 때 (사물) → 현재분사
감정을 느낄 때 (사람) → 과거분사
놀라게하다 | surprise, amaze, astonish, astound, frighten, alarm |
기쁘게하다, 만족시키다 | amuse, delight, please, satisfy |
당황하게하다 | embarrass, bewilder, confuse puzzle, perplex, baffle |
실망시키다 | disappoint, discourage, frustrate |
기타 | bore (지루하게 하다) excite (흥분하게 하다) interest (흥미를 유발하다) depress (우울하게 하다) tire, exhaust (지치게 하다) |
the surprising news / the surprised girl
an exciting game / an excited spectator
The book is very boring.
I am bored with that book.
cf. Mr. Brown is a very boring person. <따분하게 하는 사람>
유사분사
명사에 -ed를 붙여 형용사로 쓰는 것으로,「～을 가진」의 의미를 나타낸다.
a red-haired boy
warm-blooded animals
ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ
B. 분사구문
분사구문의 구조와 의미
<접속사 + S + V>인 절을 분사로 시작하는 구로 줄인 것으로 문두, 문미, 문중 어디든 올 수 있다.
When he saw a cop, the boy ran away.
⇒ Seeing a cop, the boy ran away.
⇒ The boy ran way, seeing a cop.
⇒ The boy, seeing a cop, ran away.
(1) 시간 : when, while, before, after
Arriving at home, I found her dead.
(2) 이유 : because, since, as
Having no money with me, I can't help you.
(3) 조건 : if
Turning to the right, you will find the building.
(4) 양보 : though
Admitting what you say, I still can't believe you.
(5) 동시동작 :「～하면서」(as)
Walking on tiptoe, I approached her.
(6) 연속동작 :「그리고 ～하다」(and)
The train left Seoul at 6, arriving in Busan at 12.
분사구문과 주어의 일치
분사구문의 생략된 주어는 주절 주어와 일치해야 한다.
Returning to the room, the book was missing. (X)
→ Returning to the room, I found the book missing. (O)
과거분사구문 (= 수동분사구문)
부사절이 수동태인 경우의 분사구문 <being p.p>에서 being이 생략된 형태
Seeing from a distance, the stone looks like a human face. (X)
→ Seen from a distance, the stone looks like a human face. .(O)
= Being seen from a distance, the stone looks like a human face.
▶ 형용사․명사 앞에서도 being을 생략할 수 있다.
As he was angry at my words, he made no reply.
⇒ (Being) Angry at my words, he made no reply.
완료분사구문
주절 시제보다 앞선 일은 완료형을 쓴다.
Finishing the work, I have nothing more to do. (X)
→ Having finished the work, I have nothing more to do. (O)
부정분사구문
부정어는 분사 앞에 온다.
Having not met him before, I don't know him. (X)
→ Not having met him before, I don't know him. (O)
접속사 + 분사구문
분사구문이 <시간․조건․양보>의 뜻을 나타내는 경우 분사 앞에 접속사를 쓸 수 있다.
While swimming in the river, he was drowned.
If properly used, it can be very helpful.
Though written in haste, the book has few mistakes.
독립분사구문
분사구문의 주어와 주절의 주어가 다를 때 분사 앞에 의미상의 주어를 표시한다.
Night coming on, we left for home.
= As night came on, we left for home.
An eye bandaged, I could not write properly.
= As an eye was bandaged, I could not write properly.
With + 독립분사구문
독립분사구문이 <이유>나 <동시동작>의 뜻일 때 with를 붙일 수 있다.
(1) with + O + 현재분사
She stood still with her hair flying in the wind.
(2) with + O + 과거분사
She was listening to music with her eyes closed.
(3) with + O + 형용사/부사(구)
He is sleeping with his mouth open.
Don't stand with your hands in your pockets.
분사구문의 강조
<이유>를 나타내는 분사구문을 강조하여, 「이처럼, 사실 ～하기 때문에」로 해석한다.
(1) 현재분사 + as + S + do
Standing as it does on the hill, this hotel commands a fine view.
(2) 과거분사 + as + S + be
Written as it is in plain English, the book is fit for beginners.
분사구문의 관용표현
(1) generally/strictly/frankly/briefly/properly speaking :
「일반적으로/엄격하게/솔직하게/간단히/정확히 말하면」
Generally speaking, men can run faster than women.
(2) judging from :「～으로 판단하건대」
Judging from his expression, he's in a bad mood.
(3) taking ～ into consideration :「～을 고려하면」
Taking everything into consideration, they ought to be given another chance.
(4) granting (that) :「～이라 할지라도」
Granting that the car is old-fashioned, I still want to buy it.
(5) talking/speaking of :「～으로 말하자면」
Talking of movies, I don't like sad movies.
(6) seeing (that) :「～이므로」
Seeing that it is 12 o'clock, I will wait for her no longer.
(7) compared with/to :「～와 비교해서」
Compared with his brother, he is not so intelligent.
(8) weather permitting :「날씨가 좋으면」
We'll go on a picnic, weather permitting.
(9) other things being equal :「다른 조건이 같다면」
Other things being equal, I would choose the safest way.
(10) all things considered :「만사를 고려하면」
All things considered, I'm sure we made the right decision.
분사전치사
(1) considering :「～을 고려하면, ～에 비해서」
Considering his age, he looks young.
(2) concerning/regarding :「～에 관하여」(= about)
I said nothing concerning the future.
(3) including :「～을 포함하여」
Six were present, including the teacher.
II. Step 2 기출 문제
(1) The Blue Train commenced service in 1908, ran from what was then Salisbury, Rhodesia Cape Town, a journey of almost 2,000 kilometers.
(2) Walking along the road, he tripped over the root of a tree,
(3) Having been selected to represent the Association of Korean Dancers at the Annual Convention, she gave a short acceptance speech.
(4) Such was the case when a chain of fast-food restaurants used to run commercials featured a gray-haired, elderly woman who asked, “Where’s the beef?”
(5) Covering with confusion, he left the conference room.
(6) Bored by the tedious speech, the people in the audience drifted away.
(7) With her eyes wide open, she stared at the man.
(8) The books destroying in the fire were all rare first editions.
(9) He counted it, all things considered, the happiest part of his life.
(10) The sun having set, we gave up looking for them.
9. 분사
(1) The Blue Train commenced service in 1908, ran from what was then Salisbury, Rhodesia Cape Town, a journey of almost 2,000 kilometers. (X) -> running
(2) Walking along the riverside path, the river met several groups of hikers. (X)
-> he met several groups of hikers
(3) Having been selected to represent the Association of Korean Dancers at the Annual Convention, she gave a short acceptance speech. (O)
(4) Such was the case when a chain of fast-food restaurants used to run commercials featured a gray-haired, elderly woman who asked, “Where’s the beef?”(X) ->featuring
(5) Covering with confusion, he left the conference room. (X)
-> Covered
(6) Bored by the tedious speech, the people in the audience drifted away. (O)
(7) With her eyes wide open, she stared at the man. (O)
(8) The books destroying in the fire were all rare first editions. (X)
->destroyed
(9) He counted it, all things considered, the happiest part of his life. (O)
(10) The sun having set, we gave up looking for them. (O)
(11) Referring to your request of July 13, the matter is being reviewed by our board
(12) Realizing how they had failed, I regretted taking part in the program.
(13) Among the most tragic accidents are those involving guns.
(14) Good, responsible advertising can serve as a positive influence for change, while generated profits.
(15) Found almost everywhere, it is a survivor of the dinosaur age.
(16) Also, very few animals like to eat them because when attacked they give off a terrible odor. If necessary, many of them can fly to save themselves.
(17) For all folk music lovers, Johnny’s CD releasing two weeks ago, will be a great addition to their collection.
(18) Today, we do not believe this. But chocolate has a special chemical calling phenyl ethylamine.
(19) Seattle, the biggest city in the Pacific Northwest has a low violent crime rate and, like Portland, offering excellent health care and transportation services for seniors.
(20) Over the last few years, the moral dilemma faced hotel guests has changed.
(11) Referring to your request of July 13, the matter is being reviewed by our board. (X)
-> our board is reviewing the matter
(12) Realizing how they had failed, I regretted taking part in the program. (O)
(13) Among the most tragic accidents are those involving guns. (O)
(14) Good, responsible advertising can serve as a positive influence for change, while generated profits. (X)
->generating
(15) Found almost everywhere, it is a survivor of the dinosaur age. (O)
(16) Also, very few animals like to eat them// because when attacked they give off a terrible odor. (O)
(17) For all folk music lovers, Johnny’s CD releasing two weeks ago, will be a great addition to their collection.(X)
->released
(18) Today, we do not believe this. But chocolate has a special chemical calling phenyl ethylamine. (X)
->called
(19) Seattle, the biggest city in the Pacific Northwest has a low violent crime rate and, like Portland, offering excellent health care and transportation services for seniors. (X)
->offers
(20) Over the last few years, the moral dilemma faced hotel guests has changed. (X)
->facing
(21) In many families, sibling births spanning a generation, and grandchildren were often similar in age to their parents’ younger brothers and sisters.
(22) My badly damaging windows cost me a lot of money.
(23) While waiting, I began to feel strangely nervous.
(24) She was listening to music with her eyes closed.
(25) We decided to try a wonderful restaurant served raw fish and other dishes.
(26) After the accident, the policeman took the names of the people involved.
(27) The country is a small one with the three quarters of the land surrounding by the sea.
(28) While worked at a hospital, she saw her first air how.
(29) There are women's magazines cover fashion, cosmetics, and recipes as well as youth magazines about celebrities.
(30) In a war-torn country, people with intellectual challenges are often forgotten and abandoned.
(31) The middle-class Americans who choose to avoid the suburban lifestyle and live in the central city were most often those least depended on central-city government services.
(21) In many families, sibling births spanning a generation, and grandchildren were often similar in age to their
->spanned parents’ younger brothers and sisters. (X)
(22) My badly damaging windows cost me a lot of money. (X)
->damaged
(23) While waiting, I began to feel strangely nervous. (O)
(24) She was listening to music with her eyes closed. (O)
(25) We decided to try a wonderful restaurant served raw fish and other dishes. (X)
->serving
(26) After the accident, the policeman took the names of the people involved. (O)
(27) The country is a small one with the three quarters of the land surrounding by the sea. (X)
->surrounded
(28) While worked at a hospital., she saw her first air show. (X)(while 있다고 분사오는거 상관없다)
->working
(29) There are women's magazines cover fashion, cosmetics, and recipes as well as youth magazines about celebrities. (X) ->covering
(30) In a war-torn country, people with intellectual challenges are often forgotten and abandoned. (O)
(31) The middle-class Americans who choose to avoid the suburban lifestyle and live in the central city were most often those least depended on central-city government services. (X)
-> depending