수동태
능동태와 수동태
능동태 : 주어가 동작을 하는 형식
수동태 : 주어가 동작을 받는 형식
∙능동태 ⇔ 수동태 목적어가 있는 타동사만이 수동태가 될 수 있다. ① 능동태의 목적어를 수동태의 주어로 한다. ② 동사를 <be + p.p>로 바꾼다. ③ 능동태의 주어를 <by + 목적격>으로 고친다. |
His wife beats him. <능동>
⇒ He is beaten by his wife. <수동>
수동태의 시제
∙완료형 : have been p.p ∙진행형 : be being p.p ∙조동사 : 조동사 + be p.p |
미래진행과 완료진행은 수동태로 하지 않는다.
(1) 현재
He writes a letter.
⇒ A letter is written by him.
(2) 과거
He wrote a letter.
⇒ A letter was written by him.
(3) 미래
He will write a letter.
⇒ A letter will be written by him.
(4) 현재완료
He has written a letter.
⇒ A letter has been written by him.
(5) 과거완료
He had written a letter.
⇒ A letter had been written by him.
(6) 미래완료
He will have written a letter.
⇒ A letter will have been written by him.
(7) 현재진행
He is writing a letter.
⇒ A letter is being written by him.
(8) 과거진행
He was writing a letter.
⇒ A letter was being written by him.
▶ 조동사 + 본동사
We can see stars at night.
⇒ Stars can be seen at night (by us).
4형식의 수동태
목적어가 둘이므로 두 가지 수동태가 가능하고,
목적어 하나가 남는다.
John gave Mary a watch.
⇒ Mary was given a watch by John.
⇒ A watch was given (to) Mary by John.
<간접목적어가 남을 때 그 앞에 전치사를 붙일 수 있다.>
5형식의 수동태
(1) S + V + O + 명사/형용사
목적격보어는 수동태 뒤에 주격보어로 온다.
They call him a little giant.
⇒ He is called a little giant.
His wife found him dead.
⇒ He was found dead by his wife.
(2) S + V + O + to부정사
He allowed me to go out.
⇒ I was allowed to go out by him.
(3) S + 지각/사역동사 + O + 동사원형
지각/사역동사의 수동태 뒤에는 목적격보어인
동사원형이 to부정사로 바뀐다.
I never saw her laugh.
⇒ She was never seen to laugh.
⇒ She was never seen laughing.
<지각동사의 경우 현재분사를 쓸 수 있다.>
They made us enter the room.
⇒ We were made to enter the room.
▶ let의 수동태
He let me do it.
→ I was let to do it. (X)
→ I was allowed to do it. (O)
→ He let it be done by me. (O)
목적어가 that절인 경우의 수동태
They say/think/believe/expect/know/suppose + that S + V ⇒ It is said that S + V ⇒ S + is said to V |
They say that she is very rich.
⇒ It is said that she is very rich.
⇒ She is said to be very rich.
▶ that절의 시제가 주절의 시제보다 앞서는 경우
완료부정사를 쓴다.
They say that she was very rich.
⇒ She is said to have been very rich.
※ <tell(V4) + O + that S + V>의 수동태
They told me that she was very rich.
⇒ I was told that she was very rich.
동작 수동
<동작>을 강조할 경우 <get/become/grow + p.p>를 쓴다.
She is married to a rich man. <상태>
She got married to him last year. <동작>
자동사의 수동태
(1) 원칙적으로 자동사는 수동태가 불가능하다.
exist, appear, disappear, happen, occur, seem |
She was disappeared last night. (X)
→ She disappeared last night. . (O)
▶ 수동태 불가 타동사
become(어울리다), cost, have, lack, resemble |
His father is resembled by him. (X)
→ He resembles his father. .(O)
(2) <자동사 + 전치사>는 수동태 가능
His friends laughed at him.
⇒ He was laughed by his friends. . (X)
⇒ He was laughed at by his friends. .(O)
부정주어의 수동태
주어가 Nobody/Nothing 등인 경우 수동태에서는
<not ～ by anybody/anything>으로 한다.
Nobody solved the problem.
⇒ The problem was solved by nobody. (X)
⇒ The problem was not solved by anybody.. (O)
수동태 뒤의 전치사
(1) by + 행위자
with + 도구
The window was broken by a boy.
The window was broken with a stone.
(2) by이외의 전치사를 쓰는 경우
과거분사가 거의 형용사처럼 바뀐 경우에 쓰이며,
대개 관용적으로 쓰인다. (<수동태의 관용 표현> 참조)
수동태의 관용 표현
(1) be absorbed/engrossed/immersed/lost in :
「～에 열중하다, 몰두하다」
He is absorbed in reading a novel.
(2) be accustomed/used to :「～에 익숙하다」
I am not accustomed to this kind of food.
(3) be acquainted with :「～에 정통하다, 잘 알다」
I am acquainted with the lady.
(4) be addicted to :「～에 빠져 있다, 중독되다」
He is addicted to drinking.
(5) be annoyed with + 사람 :「～에 짜증나다」
.at + 사물
She was annoyed with Tom.
He was annoyed at her stupidity.
(6) be based/grounded/founded (up)on :「～에 기초하다」
This is based on the same principle.
(7) be bored with :「～에 지루해하다」
We were bored with his lecture.
(8) be caught in :「(비 등을) 만나다」
He was caught in a shower on the way.
(9) be composed of :「～으로 구성되다」
Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
(10) be concerned about :「～을 걱정하다」
in/with :「～와 관련되다」
We are concerned about his financial situation.
They were deeply concerned in that business.
▶ as[so] far as S + be concerned :「～에 관한 한」
As far as the quality is concerned, it is perfect.
(11) be confronted/faced with/by :「～에 직면하다」
He was confronted with great difficulties.
(12) be connected/associated with :「～와 관련되다」
He is connected with the company.
(13) be convinced/assured of/that :「～을 확신하다」
I am convinced of his honesty.
I am convinced that he is honest.
(14) be covered with :「～로 덮혀 있다」
The road was covered with snow.
(15) be derived from :「～에서 유래하다」
This word is derived from Latin.
(16) be devoted/committed/dedicated to :「～에 전념하다」
He was devoted to world peace.
(17) be disappointed at :「～에 실망하다」
I was disappointed at his failure.
(18) be dressed in :「(옷을) 입다」
She was dressed in a black suit.
(19) be drowned :「익사하다」
He was drowned in the pond.
(20) be embarrassed/confused by :「～에 당황하다」
He was greatly embarrassed by lack of money.
(21) be engaged in :「～에 종사하다」
to :「～와 약혼중이다」
He is engaged in foreign trade.
He is engaged to my sister.
(22) be exposed to :「～에 노출되다」
Many people were exposed to danger.
(23) be fed up with :「～에 싫증나다, 질리다」
We are fed up with your complaining.
(24) be filled with :「～로 가득 차다」
The classroom is filled with students.
(25) be forced/compelled/obliged to V :「～하지 않을 수 없다」
I was forced to sign the paper.
(26) be inclined to V :「～하는 경향이 있다, ～하고 싶다」
I am inclined to go for a walk.
(27) be indulged in :「～에 빠지다, 탐닉하다」
He was indulged in gambling.
(28) be injured/wounded/hurt :「부상하다, 다치다」
She was injured in the accident.
(29) be interested in :「～에 관심이 있다」
He is interested in history.
(30) be involved in :「～에 관련되다, 열중하다」
He is involved in a plot.
(31) be known to + 대상 :「～에게 알려져 있다」
. for + 이유 :「～로 유명하다」
. as + 자격 :「～으로 알려져 있다」
. by + 판단 :「～에 의해 알 수 있다」
He is known to everybody.
He is known for the poem.
He is known as a poet.
A man is known by his company.
(32) be located/situated in/at/on :「～에 위치하다」
The church is located on the hill.
(33) be married to :「～와 결혼해 있다」
She is married to a rich man.
(34) be occupied with/in :「～에 종사[전념]하다」
She is occupied with needlework.
(35) be offended at :「～에 화내다」
He was offended at my remarks.
(36) be opposed to :「～에 반대하다」
He was opposed to her idea.
(37) be pleased/delighted with :「～에 기뻐하다」
I was pleased with your success.
(38) be possessed of :「～을 소유하다」
.by/with :「～에 사로잡히다」
She is possessed of great wealth.
He is possessed by an evil spirit.
(39) be related to :「～와 관계가 있다」
A language is closely related to the culture.
(40) be satisfied/contented with :「～에 만족하다」
She is not satisfied with her job.
(41) be seated :「앉다」
He was seated behind me.
(42) be supposed to V :「～하기로 되어 있다, ～해야 한다」
He is supposed to arrive at six.
Everybody is supposed to know the law.
(43) be surprised/ astonished/ alarmed/ frightened /astounded/ startled/ amazed at :「～에 놀라다」
We were surprised at the news.
(44) be taken aback :「놀라다」
He was taken aback to hear the news.
(45) be tired of :「～에 싫증나다」
from/with :「～로 피곤하다」
I am tired of eating the same thing every day.
I was tired from a long walk.
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1. 수동태 문제는 밑줄 친 부분 중 잘못된 것을 고르는 문제에 주로 출제된다. 동사에 밑줄이 쳐져 있는 경우에는 수동태인지 능동태인지를 확인해야 하는데, 주로 동사 다음에 명사가 있는 경우는 능동태, 명사가 없는 경우는 수동태로 간주한다.
Nothing can be accomplished without effort. (O) Nothing can accomplish without effort. (X)
They share a lot of interests. (O) They are shared a lot of interest. (X)
단, call, name, consider은 주로 5형식에 쓰이는 동사로 다음에 명사(목적보어)가 있는 경우도 수동태가 될 확률이 높다.
2. 지각동사와 사역동사는 수동태가 될 때, 동사 원형의 목적보어는 to 부정사가 된다.
He was seen to come out of the store. (O) He was seen come out of the store. (X)
3. want, need, require은 다음에 동명사를 쓰면 수동의 의미가 된다.
My computer needs fixing. = My computer needs to be fixed.
II. Step 2 기출 문제
(1) We have so many tasks which need doing in all phases of medicine, public health, agriculture, industry and basic research.
(2) Tom was seen to come out of the room by them.
(3) My shoes want to mend.
(4) Very few are aware that certain kinds of food and drink, if consumed regularly, can lead to higher level of stress.
(5) The group was consisted of ten people.
(6) Some dolphins have been seen open and close their eyes while they sleep.
(7) In fact, the memory‟s capacity is theoretically unlimited.
(8) The brain can record more than 86 billion bits of information every day, and our memories can probably hold 100 trillion bits in a lifetime.
(9) It is a step-by-step set of instructions that, if carried out, exactly solves the problem.
(10) While a computer follows instructions very rapidly, it does only and exactly what it tells.
5. 태
(1) We have so many tasks which need doing in all phases of medicine, public health, agriculture, industry and basic research. (O)
(2) Tom was seen to come out of the room by them. (O)
(3) My shoes want to mend. (X)
->mending
(4) Very few are aware that certain kinds of food and drink, if consumed regularly, can lead to higher level of stress. (O)
(5) The group was consisted of ten people. (X)
->consisted of
(6) Some dolphins have been seen open and close their eyes while they sleep. (X)
->to open
(7) In fact, the memory’s capacity is theoretically unlimited. (O)
(8) The brain can record more than 86 billion bits of information every day, and our memories can probably hold 100 trillion bits in a lifetime. (O)
(9) It is a step-by-step set of instructions that, if carried out, exactly solves the problem. (O)
(10) While a computer follows instructions very rapidly, it does only and exactly what it tells. (X)
->is told
(11) Algorithms are used to design these very specific instructions.
(12) The school locates north of the town.
(13) I was really amazed when I was offered the job.
(14) The lower animals must have their bodily structure modified in order to be survived under the conditions.
(15) Those who want medical assistance to die must be undergone unbearable suffering
(16) Unable to do anything or go anywhere while my car was repairing at my mechanic's garage, I suddenly came to the realization that I had become overly dependent on machines and gadgets.
(17) She supposed to phone me last night, but she didn’t.
(18) That wonderful thought was suddenly occurred after I came to Jeju.
(19) Innovation, business is now learning, is likely to find wherever bright and eager people think they can find it.
(20) These things are happened as everything is all in a lifetime.
(21)The expression was appeared in the mid-19th century; by the end of the century, it was being used outside of horse racing to mean "with no trouble at all."
(22) Sharks have been looked more or less the same for hundreds of millions of years.
(23) Previously, many scientists had been believed that shark gills were an ancient system that predated modern fish.
(11) Algorithms are used to design these very specific instructions. (O)
(12) The school locates north of the town. (X)
->is located
(13) I was really amazed when I was offered the job. (O)
(14) The lower animals must have their bodily structure modified in order to be survived under the conditions. (X)
->to survive
(15) Those who want medical assistance to die must be undergone unbearable suffering. (X)
->must undergo
(16) Unable to do anything or go anywhere while my car was repairing at my mechanic's garage, I suddenly came
-> was repaired
to the realization that I had become overly dependent on machines and gadgets. (X)
(17) She supposed to phone me last night, but she didn’t. (X)
-> was supposed to
(18) That wonderful thought was suddenly occurred after I came to Jeju. (X)
->suddenly occurred
(19) Innovation, business is now learning, is likely to find wherever bright and eager people think they can find it. (X)
-> to be found
(20) These things are happened as everything is all in a lifetime. (X)
->happen
(21)The expression was appeared in the mid-19th century; by the end of the century, (X)
-> appeared
(22) Sharks have been looked more or less the same for hundreds of millions of years. (X)
-> looked
(23) Previously, many scientists had been believed that shark gills were an ancient system that predated modern fish. (X)
-> believed