부정사 동명사

>>> 5형식중 3형식과 중복

 

 

󰊵 to부정사를 목적어로 취하는 동사

주로 미래의 일, 일시적․구체적 행위를 나타내는 경우

 

(1) want, would like, hope, wish, desire :「원하다」

I want to go to the movies tonight.

 

 

(2) expect :「기대하다」

I expect to find a good job

 

 

(3) decide, determine, resolve, choose :「결정하다」

She decided to postpone her departure.

 

(4) plan :「계획하다」

I plan to go to Europe.

 

(5) promise :「약속하다」

He promised to come here tonight.

 

(6) agree, consent :「동의하다」

He agreed to accept the offer.

 

(7) offer :「제의하다」

I offered to accompany her.

 

(8) refuse :「거절하다」

He refused to take part in our plan.

 

(9) pretend, affect :「가장하다, ～인 체하다」

She pretended not to know me.

 

 

(10) afford :「～할 여유가 있다」<반드시 can/cannot 수반>

We can't afford to keep a car.

 

(11) manage :「이럭저럭 ～하다, 간신히 ～하다」

He managed to save some money.

 

(12) need :「～할 필요가 있다」

He needs to learn English.

 

(13) seek, endeavor :「～하려고 애쓰다, 노력하다」

He sought to be friendly.

 

 

※ <자동사 + to V>의 관용 표현

(1) fail to ～ :「～하지 못하다」(= can not/do not)

He failed to pass the exam.

 

▶ fail in + (동)명사 :「실패하다」

He failed in the exam.

He failed in persuading her.

 

(2) happen/chance to ～ :「우연히 ～하다」

I happened to sit beside her.

 

(3) come/get/grow to ～ :「～하게 되다」

<become to ～>는 불가

He came/got/grew to know the fact.

cf. He became to know the fact. (X)

 

(4) care to ～ :「～하고 싶다」

<care to>는 부정문․의문문에서 like의 뜻.

I don't care to go alone.

 

(5) tend to ～ :「～하는 경향이 있다」

Some people tends to resist change.

 

(6) bother/trouble to ～ :「일부러 ～하다, 수고하다」

Don't bother to fix a lunch for me.

 

(7) long/yearn to ～ :「～하기를 갈망하다」

I long to visit my native place.

 

 

 

 

 

󰊶 동명사를 목적어로 취하는 동사

주로 과거의 일, 일반적․습관적 행위를 나타내는 경우

 

(1) enjoy :「즐기다」

He enjoys reading detective novels.

 

(2) practice :「연습하다」

You should practice playing the piano regularly.

 

(3) avoid, escape, evade, help :「피하다」

She avoided meeting him recently.

 

 

(4) mind :「꺼리다, 싫어하다」

Would you mind opening the window?

 

 

(5) resent :「분개하다」

He resented being called a fool.

 

(6) finish :「끝내다」

I've finished reading that book.

 

(7) stop, quit :「중단하다」

Stop talking and listen to me.

 

▶ stop to V :「～하기 위하여 멈추다」

부사적 용법의 <목적>의 뜻

I called him, but he didn't stop to talk to me.

 

(8) give up, abandon :「포기하다」

She gave up learning how to drive.

 

(9) postpone, put off, delay, defer :「미루다, 연기하다」

You must not postpone answering this letter.

 

(10) admit, acknowledge :「인정하다」

He admits having done it himself.

 

(11) deny :「부인하다」

He denied having met her.

 

(12) allow, permit :「허락하다」

They don't allow smoking in the room.

 

(13) forbid :「금지하다」

They forbid entering the house.

 

(14) suggest :「제안하다」

Father suggested going on a picnic.

 

(15) advise, recommend :「충고하다」

I advised his starting at once.

 

(16) consider :「고려하다」

I am considering buying a new car.

 

(17) imagine, fancy :「상상하다」

I cannot imagine her failing in the exam.

 

(18) anticipate :「기대하다」

We anticipated receiving a gift from our uncle.

 

(19) miss :「～하지 못하다, ～하는 것을 놓치다」

We missed seeing that film.

 

(20) involve :「포함하다, 수반하다」

Most measurements involve reading some type of scale.

 

(21) risk :「위험을 무릅쓰다, 감히 ～하다」

I'm willing to risk losing everything.

 

(22) advocate :「주장하다」

He advocated abolishing slavery.

 

(23) appreciate :「감사하다」

I appreciate your helping me with the work.

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊷 to부정사/동명사 둘 다 목적어로 취하는 동사

 

(1) 의미 차이가 없는 경우

 

begin/start(시작하다), continue(계속하다), intend(의도하다), attempt(시도하다)

The baby began to cry/crying.

I intend to go/going abroad next year.

 

 

(2) 의미 차이가 있는 경우

. ⅰ) like, love, prefer, hate

+ ～ing : 일반적․습관적 행위

+ to V .: 일시적․구체적 행위

I don't like drinking.

<나는 (원래) 술 마시는 것을 좋아하지 않는다.>

I don't like to drink.

<나는 (지금) 술 마시고 싶지 않다.>

 

.ⅱ) remember, forget, regret

+ ～ing : 과거의 일

+ to V .: 미래의 일

I remember seeing her before.

I remember to see her tomorrow.

 

I forgot to post the letter.

<편지 부칠 것을 잊었다.>

I forgot posting the letter.

<편지 부친 것을 잊었다.>

 

▶ regret ～ing :「～한 것을 후회하다」

regret to V .:「～하게 되어 유감이다」

I regret telling her what I thought.

I regret to say that I can't help you.

 

. ⅲ) try + to V .:「～하려고 애쓰다」

try + ～ing :「시험삼아 ～해보다」

He tried to open the door.

He tried opening the door.

 

 

.ⅳ) mean to V .:「의도하다」

mean ～ing :「의미하다」

I didn't mean to hurt your feeling.

Punctuality means being on time.

 

 

[부정사]============================

 

󰊱 명사적 용법

(1) 주어

To see you is always a pleasure.

= It is always a pleasure to see you. <가주어-진주어>

 

(2) 보어

My wish is to meet her at once.

 

(3) 목적어

I want to buy a camera.

I think it difficult to solve the problem.

<5형식문장에서는 반드시 가목적어 it을 쓴다.>

 

▶ 전치사의 목적어

원칙적으로 to부정사는 전치사의 목적어로 쓸 수 없으나 다음은 예외이다.

. ⅰ) be about to V :「막 ～하려고 하다」

I was about to start then.

 

. ⅱ) have no choice/alternative but to V : 「～하지 않을 수 없다」

He had no choice but to give up.

 

. ⅲ) know better than to V :「～할만큼 어리석지 않다」

I know better than to do such a thing.

 

※ 의문사 + to부정사

know, think 등 인식류 동사의 목적어 자리에는to부정사가 바로 올 수 없고, <의문사 + to부정사>가 와야 한다.

I know to drive a car. (X)

→ I know how to drive a car. (O)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊲 형용사적 용법

(1) 명사가 의미상의 주어

He is not a man to deceive you.

 

▶ the first + 명사 + to V :「～했던 최초의 사람[것]」

the last + 명사 + to V :「결코 ～하지 않을 사람[것]」

He was the first person to fly over the Atlantic.

He is the last man to tell a lie.

 

(2) 명사가 의미상의 목적어

I have a lot of work to do.

 

(3) 명사 + to부정사 + 전치사

= 전치사 + 관계대명사 + to부정사

I need a house to live. .(X)

→ I need a house to live in. .(O)

. = .in which to live.

 

I have no money to buy a car with.

.= with which to buy a car

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊳 동격구문

(1) 명사 + to V

 

plan, program, attempt, decision, resolution, effort, wish, reason, ability, desire, opportunity

They devised a plan to rob a bank.

He has no ability to solve the problem.

 

※ In an effort to 

"In an effort to" usually has more of a meaning like you tried harder than usual to create the conditions for something to happen.
"In order to" means that you need a certain set of things to be able to continue doing something.
"In an effort to do well on the test, Jamie studied the week before the exam."
"In order to make a cake, you need eggs, flour, sugar, and milk, among other ingredients."

 

 

(2) 명사 + of ～ing

 

hope, possibility, probability, idea, thought, doubt, responsibility, danger

She has no hope of winning the game.

I have no idea of going there.

 

(3) 명사 + to V/of ～ing

 

way, means

Freezing is a good way to preserve food.

= Freezing is a good way of preserving food.

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊴 be to부정사

<be to>는 일종의 조동사 역할을 한다.

(1) 예정 : We are to meet here at 6. (= are going to)

(2) 의무 : You are to obey your parents. (= should)

(3) 가능 : No one was to be seen in the street. (= could)

(4) 의도 : If you are to succeed, you must work hard.(= intend to)

(5) 운명 : He was never to return home.(= was destined never to)

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊵 부정사의 부사적 용법

(1) 목적 :「～하기 위하여」

<목적>의 뜻을 분명하게 하기 위하여 <in order to V/so as to V>를 쓸 수 있다.

He studied hard to pass the exam.

= He studied hard in order to pass the exam.

= He studied hard so as to pass the exam.

 

▶ 목적 표현에 <for ～ing> 불가

He studied hard for passing the exam. (X)

 

.ⅰ) 명사 + for ～ing : 용도

A vase is a kind of pot for holding flowers.

 

.ⅱ) 동사 + for ～ing : 이유

He was dismissed for neglecting his duty.

 

(2) 결과 :「…하여 그 결과 ～하다」

무의지동사(grow up, awake, live) 뒤에 오거나 <only to V/never to V>의 형태일 때

She grew up to be a fat lady.

He awoke to find himself famous.

He tried hard only to fail.

He went to Africa never to return.

 

 

(3) 감정의 원인 :「～해서, ～하니」

감정 형용사/동사 뒤에서

I was surprised to hear the news.

 

(4) 판단의 근거 :「～하다니, ～하는 것을 보니」

추측(must, cannot)을 나타내는 문장이나 감탄문 다음에

He must be mad to say like that.

How stupid you are to quarrel with him!

 

(5) 조건

You will take him for an American to hear him speak English.

= You will take him for an American if you hear him speak English.

 

 

※ to부정사가 주절 앞에 나와 있으면 부사적 용법이며 <목적>이나 <조건>의 뜻으로만 해석된다.

To learn English, he went to America. <목적>

To make a new start, you will do well. <조건>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊶 부정사의 목적어의 자리 이동

<가주어[가목적어] - 진주어[진목적어]> 구문에서 부정사의 목적어를 가주어[가목적어] 자리로 옮길 수 있다. 그리고 목적어 자리는 반드시 비어 있다.

It is difficult to read this book.

⇒ This book is difficult to read ( ).

 

It is dangerous to swim in the river.

⇒ The river is dangerous to swim in ( ).

 

I find it difficult to read this book.

⇒ I find this book difficult to read ( ).

 

▶ <easy/hard/difficult/impossible/dangerous>등의 형용사는 원칙적으로 사람을 주어로 쓸 수 없지만, 부정사의 목적어가 자리 이동을 한 경우는 사람을 주어로 쓸 수 있다.

He is hard to please ( ).

⇒ It is hard to please him.

 

He is hard to please his wife. (X)

→ It is hard for him to please his wife. .(O)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊷 독립부정사

문장 전체를 수식하는 부정사로 관용적으로 쓰인다.

 

∙to start/begin with :「우선」 ∙to tell the truth :「사실을 말하자면」 ∙so to speak :「말하자면」 ∙to be sure :「확실히」 ∙not to say :「～할 정도는 아니지만」 ∙to do one justice :「～을 공정히 평가하면」 ∙to be frank with you :「솔직히 말하면」 ∙to be brief :「간단히 말하면」 ∙to make matters worse :「설상가상으로」 ∙to say nothing of = not to speak of = not to mention = needless to say :「～은 말할 것도 없이」

He is, so to speak, a walking dictionary.

The old man is very frugal, not to say stingy.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊸 관용 표현

(1) too … to V :「너무 …해서 ～할 수 없다」

She is too young to get married.

 

▶ too … to V 구문에서 부정사의 목적어가 주어 자리에 있으면 목적어 자리는 비어 있어야 한다.

The stone is too heavy for you to lift ( ).

= The stone is so heavy that you can't lift it.

 

(2) … enough to V :「～하기에 충분히 …하다」

He is rich enough to buy the expensive car.

 

(3) so … as to V :「매우 …하여 ～하다」

I got up so early as to catch the first train.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊹 부정사의 시제

부정사의 시제는 술어동사의 시제에 따라 결정된다.

 

∙단순부정사 (to+원형) .: 술어동사와 같은 시제 ∙완료부정사 (to have p.p) : 술어동사보다 앞선 시제

She seems to be ill.

= It seems that she is ill.

She seemed to be ill.

= It seemed that she was ill.

 

She seems to have been ill.

= It seems that she was ill.

She seemed to have been ill.

= It seemed that she had been ill.

 

※ 소망동사의 과거 + 완료부정사

= 소망동사의 과거완료 + 단순부정사

과거의 이루지 못한 소망

 

want, wish, hope, expect, intend, mean

I hoped to have seen the movie last night.

= I had hoped to see the movie last night.

cf. I had hoped to have seen the movie last night. (X)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊹 부정사의 의미상의 주어

(1) 표시하지 않는 경우

It is wrong to tell a lie. <일반인>

I want to pass the exam. <문장의 주어와 일치>

I want you to pass the exam. <문장의 목적어와 일치>

 

▶ to부정사의 생략된 의미상의 주어는 주절 주어와 일치해야 한다.

To inspect the car, a special light is needed. (X)

→ To inspect the car, you need a special light. .(O)

 

(2) 표시하는 경우

.ⅰ) for + 목적격

It is impossible for you to solve the problem.

It's time for you to leave.

For the fat lady to pass, I stepped aside.

 

.ⅱ) of + 목적격 : 사람의 성질형용사 뒤에서

It's kind of you to say so.

= You are kind to say so.

 

 

 

 

󰊹 부정사의 태

 

∙능동 : <to + 원형> ∙수동 : <to be p.p>

I don't like to help them. <능동>

I don't like to be helped by them. .<수동>

 

(1) 문장의 주어가 행위의 주체이면 명사 뒤의 to부정사는 능동태로 써야 한다.

I have letters to be written today. (X)

→ I have letters to write today. (O)

 

▶ There is[are] 뒤에는 능동태․수동태 모두 가능

There are letters to write. (O)

to be written. (O)

 

(2) <가주어-진주어> 구문에서 to부정사의 목적어가 자리 이동한 경우 수동태로 바꾸지 않는다.

This book is difficult to be read. (X)

→ This book is difficult to read. (O)

 

(3) 능동형으로 수동의 뜻을 나타내는 부정사

You are to blame.

= You are to be blamed.

 

This house is to let.

= This house is to be let.

 

 

󰊹 부정사의 부정

부정어(not, never)를 부정사 앞에 놓는다.

He decided not to go there.

<그곳에 가지 않기로 결정함>

cf. He didn't decide to go there.

<동사 부정 : 그곳에 갈지 안 갈지를 결정하지 않음>

 

 

󰊹 代부정사

앞에 나온 <부정사>나 <동사구>를 반복하지 않고 to만 쓰는 것.

You can take the books if you want to.

. (= to take the books)

 

She opened the window, though I told her not to.

(= not to open the window)

 

 

󰊹 분리부정사 : <to+부사+원형>

의미상 혼동되는 경우 외에는 쓰지 않는 것이 원칙

He agreed to calmly discuss the matter.

<조용히 토의할 것에 동의했다.>

He agreed calmly to discuss the matter.

<토의하는데 조용히 동의했다.>

 

It is wise to slowly drive. (X)

→ It is wise to drive slowly. (O)

 

 

 

 

[동명사]============================

 

󰊱 동명사의 용법

명사처럼 문장의 주어, 목적어, 보어 구실을 하며,

동사처럼 목적어나 보어를 가질 수 있고 부사(구)의

수식이 가능하다.

(1) 주어

Collecting stamps is very interesting.

cf. Collecting of stamps is very interesting. (X)

 

(2) 보어

My hobby is collecting stamps.

 

(3) 목적어

. ⅰ) 타동사의 목적어

I enjoy collecting stamps.

 

.ⅱ) 전치사의 목적어 : 동명사를 쓰는 것이 원칙

I am fond of collecting stamps.

cf. I am fond of to collect stamps. (X)

 

※ 명사화된 구조

<～ing>가 관사나 형용사의 수식을 받으면 완전히 명사로

바뀐 경우로, 뒤에 오는 명사를 전치사 of로 연결한다.

understanding English <동명사>

the understanding of English .<명사>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊲 전치사 to + ～ing

(1) be used to ～ing :「～에 익숙해져 있다」

get used to ～ing :「～에 익숙해지다」

He is used to getting up early now.

 

▶ be used to+원형 :「～하기 위하여 사용되다」

used to+원형 :「～하곤 했다」

Brushes are used to paint a picture.

He used to get up early in the summer.

 

(2) look forward to ～ing :「～을 기대하다」

I am looking forward to seeing you again.

 

(3) with a view to ～ing :「～할 목적으로」

He went to Italy with a view to studying opera.

 

(4) What do you say to ～ing? :「～하는 게 어때요?」

What do you say to playing golf this weekend?

 

(5) object to ～ing = be opposed to ～ing :

「～에 반대하다」

I don't object to going there if you accompany me?

I am opposed to driving over the speed limit.

 

(6) come close/near to ～ing :

「하마터면 ～할 뻔하다, 거의 ～하게 되다」

He came close to being run over by a car.

 

 

(7) devote/dedicate/commit + O + to ～ing :

「…을 ～에 바치다」

He devoted his life to helping the poor in Africa.

 

▶ be devoted/dedicated/committed to ～ing :

「～에 헌신하다, 전념하다」

She was devoted to looking after her children.

 

(8) contribute to ～ing :「～에 공헌하다」

He contributed to promoting the welfare of our society.

 

(9) lead to ～ing :「～을 초래하다」

His diligence led to succeeding in his life.

 

 

(10) confess to ～ing :「～을 고백[자백]하다」

He confessed to having stolen the car.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊳 동명사의 의미상의 주어

주절의 주어와 같을 때는 생략하고, 다를 때는

반드시 표시한다.

(1) <소유격>을 쓰는 것이 원칙이다.

Would you mind opening the window?

Would you mind my opening the window?

 

He insisted on paying the money.

He insisted on Tom's paying the money.

 

(2) 무생물이나 부정대명사의 경우에는 목적격을 쓴다.

We were glad of the examination being over.

I can't imagine anyone else marrying her.

 

※ 동명사의 생략된 의미상의 주어는 주절 주어와

일치해야 한다.

On hearing the news, my mind was changed. (X)

→ On hearing the news, I changed my mind. (O)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊴 동명사의 시제

(1) 단순동명사 : 술어동사와 같은 시제

He is proud of being rich.

= He is proud that he is rich.

 

(2) 완료동명사 : 술어동사보다 앞선 시제

He is proud of having been rich.

= He is proud that he was rich.

 

※ remember/forget/regret 등은 단순동명사로 과거의

일을 나타낼 수 있다.

I don't regret telling her the story.

= I don't regret that I told her the story.

 

단 먼 과거를 가리키는 시간 부사가 있으면 완료형을 쓴다.

I regret having been idle in my youth.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

. 󰊵 동명사의 태

 

∙능동 : <원형+ing> ∙수동 : <being p.p>

I don't like treating someone with flattery. .<능동>

I don't like being treated like a child. <수동>

 

※ 능동형으로 수동의 뜻이 되는 경우

 

want/need/deserve/be worth + ～ing (= to be p.p)

The garden wants/needs watering.

= The garden wants/needs to be watered.

 

The book is worth reading.

= The book is worth while to be read.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊶 동명사의 부정

부정어(not, never)를 동명사 앞에 놓는다.

I worried about Tom's not answering my letter.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊷 동명사의 관용 표현

(1) go ～ing :「～하러 가다」

스포츠․레져에 관련된 경우에 사용

He went fishing/camping/shopping.

 

(2) cannot help ～ing :「～하지 않을 수 없다」

I cannot help admiring his courage.

= I cannot but admire his courage.

= I cannot choose but admire his courage.

= I cannot help but admire his courage.

= I have no choice/alternative but to admire his courage.

 

(3) There is no ～ing :「～하는 것은 불가능하다, ～할 수 없다」

There is no knowing when she will come.

= It is impossible to know when she will come.

= We cannot know when she will come.

 

(4) It is no use/good ～ing :「～해도 소용없다」

It is no use/good crying over spilt milk.

= It is of no use to cry over spilt milk.

= There is no use (in) crying over spilt milk.

 

(5) of one's own ～ing :「…가 직접 ～한」

This is a picture of my own painting.

= This is a picture painted by myself.

 

(6) not/never … without ～ing :「…하면 반드시 ～하다」

They never meet without quarreling.

= They never meet but they quarrel.

= Whenever they meet, they quarrel.

 

(7) It goes without saying that :「～은 말할 필요도 없다」

It goes without saying that she will pass.

= It is needless to say that she will pass.

 

 

(8) make a point of ～ing :「반드시 ～하다」

I make a point of brushing my teeth twice a day.

= I am in the habit of brushing my teeth twice a day.

= I make it a rule to brush my teeth twice a day.

 

(9) be on the point/verge/brink of ～ing :「막 ～하려고 하다」

He was on the point of starting.

= He was about to start.

 

(10) feel like ～ing :「～하고 싶어지다」

I don't feel like going to the party.

= I am not inclined to go to the party.

 

(11) far from ～ing :「결코 ～하지 않은」,「～하기는커녕」

She is far from being happy.

Far from helping me, he disturbed my work.

 

(12) in ～ing :「～할 때」,「～하는 데 있어서」

You must be careful in crossing the street.

= You must be careful when you cross the street.

 

(13) (up)on ～ing :「～하자마자」

(Up)on hearing the news, I started for home.

= As soon as I heard the news, I started for home.

 

(14) by ～ing :「～함으로써」

He earns his living by teaching English.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

󰊸 동명사 앞의 전치사의 생략

(1) be busy (in) ～ing

= be busy with + 명사 :「～하느라 바쁘다」

He is busy (in) doing this work.

= He is busy with this work.

 

(2) spend/waste + O + (in) ～ing

= spend/waste + O + on + 명사 :

「～하는데 …을 쓰다」

She spends a lot of money (in) buying clothes.

= She spends a lot of money on clothes.

 

(3) have difficulty/trouble/a hard time (in) ～ing

= have difficulty/trouble/a hard time with + 명사 :

「～하는데 어려움을 겪다」

I had difficulty (in) solving the problem.

= I had difficulty with the problem.

 

ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ

II. Step 2 기출 문제<부정사 동명사 짬뽕>

(1) I recommend that the student finish to write her paper as soon as possible.

(2) I couldn’t find any vegetables in the refrigerator, which means my wife must have forgotten to buy some on her way home.

(3) It is foolish for you to do such a thing.

(4) My husband has been busy to work out his project.

(5) They were on the verge to leave the summer resort.

(6) She objects to be asked out by people at work.

(7) Many students assume that textbook writers restrict themselves to facts and avoid to present opinions.

(8) This is one of the important ways in which give help in a mutual aid group is a form of self-help.

(9) It is not very hard for Koreans’ obtaining a U.S. visa, against most people believe.

(10) Unlike what most people believe, it is not very tough for Koreans to obtain a U.S. visa.

8. 부정사, 동명사

(1) I recommend that the student finish to write her paper as soon as possible. (X)

->writing

(2) I couldn’t find any vegetables in the refrigerator, which means my wife must have forgotten to buy some on her way home. (O)

(3) It is foolish for you to do such a thing. (X)

->of

(4) My husband has been busy to work out his project. (X)

->working

(5) They were on the verge to leave the summer resort. (X)

->of leaving

(6) She objects to be asked out by people at work. (X)

->being

(7) Many students assume that textbook writers restrict themselves to facts and avoid to present opinions. (X)

->presenting

(8) This is one of the important ways in which give help in a mutual aid group is a form of self-help. (X)

->giving

(9) It is not very hard for Koreans’ obtaining a U.S. visa, against most people believe. (X)

 for Koreans to obtain -> what most people believe

(10) Unlike what most people believe, it is not very tough for Koreans to obtain a U.S. visa. (O)

(11) The company’s marketing strategy appeals to the consumers who are accustomed to paying bills by credit cards.

(12) Bob regrets wasting his money on useless things. (밥은 쓸데없는 일에 돈을 낭비한 것을 후회한다.)

(13) I don’t remember for him to tell me such a direct lie. (내 기억에는 그가 나에게 그런 뻔뻔스러운 거짓말을 한 적이 없다.)

(14) This leaflet tells you how to avoid getting ill while traveling

(15) We are looking forward for you to come.

(16) She is used to living alone.

(17) I’m having a real problem figuring out that I want.

(18) I don’t mind being treated like this.

(19) It’s thoughtful of him to remember the names of every member in our firm.

(20) Would you mind handing me the paper there?

(11) The company’s marketing strategy appeals to the consumers who are accustomed to paying bills by credit cards. (O)

(12) Bob regrets wasting his money on useless things. (밥은 쓸데없는 일에 돈을 낭비한 것을 후회한다.)(O)

(13) I don’t remember for him to tell me such a direct lie. (내 기억에는 그가 나에게 그런 뻔뻔스러운 거짓말을 한 적이 없다.)(X) 

->his telling

(14) This leaflet tells you how to avoid getting ill while traveling. (O)

(15) We are looking forward for you to come. (X)

->to your coming

(16) She is used to living alone. (O)

(17) I’m having a real problem figuring out that I want. (X)

->what

(18) I don’t mind being treated like this. (O)

(19) It’s thoughtful of him to remember the names of every member in our firm. (O)

(20) Would you mind handing me the paper there? (O)

(21) There is no knowing how far science may progress by the end of the twenty first century. (21세기 말까지 과학이 얼마나 발전할지 알 수 없다.)

(22) She regrets not having worked harder in her youth.

(23) Last night, she nearly escaped from running over by a car.

(24) The main reason I stopped smoking was that all my friends had already stopped smoking.

(25) I look forward to doing business with you as soon as possible.

(26) Hamas also agreed that day temporarily stop firing rockets into Israel.

(27) Parents are responsible for providing the right environment for their children to grow and learn in.

(28) My aunt didn’t remember meeting her at the party. (나의 이모는 파티에서 그녀를 만난 것을 기억하지 못했다.)

(21) There is no knowing how far science may progress by the end of the twenty first century. (21세기 말까지 과학이 얼마나 발전할지 알 수 없다.) (O)

(22) She regrets not having worked harder in her youth. (O)

(23) Last night, she nearly escaped from running over by a car. (X)

 being run over

(24) The main reason I stopped smoking was that all my friends had already stopped smoking. (O)

(25) I look forward to doing business with you as soon as possible. (O)

(26) Hamas also agreed that day temporarily stop firing rockets into Israel. (X)

->to stop

(27) Parents are responsible for providing the right environment for their children to grow and learn in. (O)

(28) My aunt didn’t remember meeting her at the party. (나의 이모는 파티에서 그녀를 만난 것을 기억하지 못했다.) (O)