동사와 문형
□ 자동사와 타동사의 성질
| + 목적어 | + 전치사 | 수동태 |
자동사(vi) | X | O | X |
타동사(vt) | O | X | O |
□ 문형의 분류
자동사 완전자동사 : S + V - 1형식 불완전자동사 : S + V + SC .- 2형식 타동사 완전타동사 : S + V + O .- 3형식 수여동사 : S + V + IO + DO - 4형식 불완전타동사 : S + V + O + OC .- 5형식 * 완전 : 보어 (X) .불완전 : 보어 (O) |
==========================
A. 1형식 : S + V1
의미에 유의해야할 완전자동사
(1) do :「충분하다, 좋다」(= be good enough)
Anything will do. <반드시 will 수반>
(2) matter, count :「중요하다」(= be important)
It doesn't matter to me.
His opinions does not count.
(3) pay :「수지맞다, 이익이 되다」(= be profitable)
This business pays.
(4) work :「작동하다(= operate), 효과가 있다(= be effective)」
The machine did not work.
This type of medicine works well.
자동사 + 전치사 = 타동사구
자동사가 목적어를 취하려면 반드시 전치사가 필요하다.
(1) account for :「～을 설명하다(= explain), ～의 원인이 되다」
His illness accounts for his absence.
(2) add to :「～을 늘리다, 증가시키다」(= increase)
This adds to our difficulties.
(3) admit of :「～의 여지가 있다」
His conduct admits of no excuse.
(4) agree to (+ 사물) :「～에 동의하다」
with (+ 사람) :「～와 의견이 같다」
on .:「～에 대해 합의하다」
I agree to your proposal.
I agree with you.
They agreed on the plan.
(5) allow for :「～을 고려하다, 참작하다」(= consider)
We must allow for some delay.
(6) apologize to :「～에게 사과하다」
She apologized to me for her rudeness.
(7) complain of/about :「～에 대하여 불평하다」
He always complains of/about his work.
(8) conform to :「～에 따르다, 순응하다」
You must conform to the rules of the group.
(9) consist in :「～에 있다」
of :「～로 구성되다」
Happiness consists in contentment.
My family consists of five people.
= My family is composed of five people.
= My family is made up of five people.
▶ compose :「～을 구성하다(V3)」(= make up)
(10) deal with :「～을 다루다」
in .:「～을 거래하다」
The book deals with economy.
He deals in various imported wines at that store.
(11) experiment with :「～을 실험하다」
They experimented with the new chemicals.
(12) graduate from :「～를 졸업하다」
I graduated from Korea University.
(13) insist on :「～을 주장하다」
I insisted on his innocence.
(14) interfere with :「～을 방해하다」
in :「～을 간섭하다」
His father interfered with his plan.
He interfered in another person's affairs.
(15) object to :「～에 반대하다」(= oppose)
I don't object to the plan.
(16) operate on :「～을 수술하다」
The surgeon operated on him.
(17) participate in :「～에 참가하다」(= take part in)
We participated in the discussion.
(18) result in (+ 결과) :「～을 초래하다」
. .from .(+ 원인) :「～에서 기인하다」
The quarrel resulted in heavy loss.
The damage resulted from the fire.
(19) wait for :「～를 기다리다」(= await)
.on :「～를 시중들다」(= attend on)
Time and tide wait for no man.
She will wait on the table.
==========================
B. 2형식 : S + V2+ SC
중요 불완전자동사
주격보어로 명사나 형용사가 온다.
부사는 불완전자동사의 보어가 될 수 없다.
(1) 지속 :「～인 채로 있다, 계속 ～이다」
be, keep, remain, stay, continue |
He kept silent all day.
The results of the experiment remain a secret.
(2) 변화 :「～하게 되다」
∙become + 명사/형용사 ∙make + 명사 ∙get, grow, come, go, turn, fall, run + 형용사 ∙prove, turn out (to be) :「～로 판명되다」 |
He became a doctor/happy.
She will make a good wife.
It's getting dark.
He grew thin and weak.
She proved/turned out (to be) a spy.
▶ 관용표현
come true/right/loose/easy
<실현되다/옳게 되다/느슨해지다/쉬워지다>
go bad/mad/blind/bankrupt
<상하다,나빠지다/미치다/눈이 멀다/파산하다>
turn pale/red/sour/cold
<창백해지다/붉어지다/시어지다/추워지다>
fall asleep/ill
<잠들다/병나다>
run short/dry/high
<부족하다/마르다/격해지다>
(3) 판단 :「～인 것 같다, ～처럼 보이다」
seem, appear (to be) |
He seems/appears (to be) healthy.
(4) 감각 :「～하게 보이다[느껴지다] 등」
look, feel, smell, taste, sound + 형용사 |
He looks happily. (X)
→ He looks happy. (O)
I don't feel good this morning.
The butter smelled bad.
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.
His story sounds strange.
==========================
C. 3형식 : S + V3 + O
자동사로 혼동하기 쉬운 타동사
타동사의 목적어가 항상「을/를」로 해석되지는 않는다.
타동사 뒤에 전치사를 쓰면 안 된다.
( )안의 전치사를 쓰면 틀린다.
(1) accompany :「～와 동반하다, ～와 동행하다」
His secretary accompanied (with) him.
(2) address :「～에게 말을 걸다, 연설하다」
He addressed (to) us in French.
(3) affect/influence :「～에 영향을 미치다」
The policy will not affect/influence (on) us.
(4) answer :「～에게 대답하다」(= reply to)
Have you answered (to) her letter?
▶ answer for :「～을 책임지다」
We must answer for the consequences.
(5) approach :「～에 다가가다, 접근하다」
A pretty girl approached (to) me.
(6) attend :「～에 참석하다, 출석하다」
He attended (at) the meeting.
▶ attend to :「～에 주의하다」
on :「～를 시중들다, 간호하다」
Attend to what your teacher says.
The nurses attend on patients.
(7) await :「～를 기다리다」(= wait for)
He awaited (for) his wife.
(8) become/suit :「～에 어울리다」
The new shirt becomes (to) you.
(9) call/phone :「～에게 전화하다」
Call (to) me at the office.
▶ call on/at :「～을 방문하다」
I called on him last night. <on+사람>
I called at his office last night. <at+장소>
(10) comprise :「～로 구성되다」(= consist of)
This book comprises (of) twenty chapters.
(11) contact :「～와 접촉하다, 연락하다」
Contact (with) him by mail or phone.
(12) discuss :「～에 대해 토의하다」
We discussed (about) the problem.
(13) enter :「～에 들어가다」(= go into)
We entered (into) the restaurant.
▶ enter into :「～을 시작하다」(= begin)
He entered into the business.
(14) equal/match :「～에 필적하다」
No one can equal (with) him in English.
(15) greet :「～에게 인사하다」
She greeted (to) me kindly.
(16) inhabit :「～에 살다, 거주하다」(= live in)
Various kinds of fish inhabited (in) the sea.
(17) marry :「～와 결혼하다」
She married (with) a rich man.
▶ be married to :「～와 결혼해 있다」<상태>
get married to :「～와 결혼하다」<동작>
She is married to a rich man.
She got married to him last year.
(18) mention :「～에 대하여 언급하다」(= refer to)
He mentioned (about) the accident.
(19) obey :「～에 복종하다, 준수하다」
You should obey (to) your parents.
(20) oppose :「～에 반대하다」(= object to)
I oppose (to) your proposal.
▶ be opposed to :「～에 반대하다」
I am opposed to your proposal.
(21) reach :「～에 도착하다」(= arrive at/in)
I reached (at) New York this morning.
(22) resemble :「～와 닮다」(= take after, look like)
She resembles (with) her mother.
(23) survive :「～에서 살아남다, ～보다 오래 살다」
He survived (from) the air crash.
to부정사를 목적어로 취하는 동사
주로 미래의 일, 일시적․구체적 행위를 나타내는 경우
(1) want, would like, hope, wish, desire :「원하다」
I want to go to the movies tonight.
(2) expect :「기대하다」
I expect to find a good job
(3) decide, determine, resolve, choose :「결정하다」
She decided to postpone her departure.
(4) plan :「계획하다」
I plan to go to Europe.
(5) promise :「약속하다」
He promised to come here tonight.
(6) agree, consent :「동의하다」
He agreed to accept the offer.
(7) offer :「제의하다」
I offered to accompany her.
(8) refuse :「거절하다」
He refused to take part in our plan.
(9) pretend, affect :「가장하다, ～인 체하다」
She pretended not to know me.
(10) afford :「～할 여유가 있다」<반드시 can/cannot 수반>
We can't afford to keep a car.
(11) manage :「이럭저럭 ～하다, 간신히 ～하다」
He managed to save some money.
(12) need :「～할 필요가 있다」
He needs to learn English.
(13) seek, endeavor :「～하려고 애쓰다, 노력하다」
He sought to be friendly.
※ <자동사 + to V>의 관용 표현
(1) fail to ～ :「～하지 못하다」(= can not/do not)
He failed to pass the exam.
▶ fail in + (동)명사 :「실패하다」
He failed in the exam.
He failed in persuading her.
(2) happen/chance to ～ :「우연히 ～하다」
I happened to sit beside her.
(3) come/get/grow to ～ :「～하게 되다」
<become to ～>는 불가
He came/got/grew to know the fact.
cf. He became to know the fact. (X)
(4) care to ～ :「～하고 싶다」
<care to>는 부정문․의문문에서 like의 뜻.
I don't care to go alone.
(5) tend to ～ :「～하는 경향이 있다」
Some people tends to resist change.
(6) bother/trouble to ～ :「일부러 ～하다, 수고하다」
Don't bother to fix a lunch for me.
(7) long/yearn to ～ :「～하기를 갈망하다」
I long to visit my native place.
동명사를 목적어로 취하는 동사
주로 과거의 일, 일반적․습관적 행위를 나타내는 경우
(1) enjoy :「즐기다」
He enjoys reading detective novels.
(2) practice :「연습하다」
You should practice playing the piano regularly.
(3) avoid, escape, evade, help :「피하다」
She avoided meeting him recently.
(4) mind :「꺼리다, 싫어하다」
Would you mind opening the window?
(5) resent :「분개하다」
He resented being called a fool.
(6) finish :「끝내다」
I've finished reading that book.
(7) stop, quit :「중단하다」
Stop talking and listen to me.
▶ stop to V :「～하기 위하여 멈추다」
부사적 용법의 <목적>의 뜻
I called him, but he didn't stop to talk to me.
(8) give up, abandon :「포기하다」
She gave up learning how to drive.
(9) postpone, put off, delay, defer :「미루다, 연기하다」
You must not postpone answering this letter.
(10) admit, acknowledge :「인정하다」
He admits having done it himself.
(11) deny :「부인하다」
He denied having met her.
(12) allow, permit :「허락하다」
They don't allow smoking in the room.
(13) forbid :「금지하다」
They forbid entering the house.
(14) suggest :「제안하다」
Father suggested going on a picnic.
(15) advise, recommend :「충고하다」
I advised his starting at once.
(16) consider :「고려하다」
I am considering buying a new car.
(17) imagine, fancy :「상상하다」
I cannot imagine her failing in the exam.
(18) anticipate :「기대하다」
We anticipated receiving a gift from our uncle.
(19) miss :「～하지 못하다, ～하는 것을 놓치다」
We missed seeing that film.
(20) involve :「포함하다, 수반하다」
Most measurements involve reading some type of scale.
(21) risk :「위험을 무릅쓰다, 감히 ～하다」
I'm willing to risk losing everything.
(22) advocate :「주장하다」
He advocated abolishing slavery.
(23) appreciate :「감사하다」
I appreciate your helping me with the work.
to부정사/동명사 둘 다 목적어로 취하는 동사
(1) 의미 차이가 없는 경우
begin/start(시작하다), continue(계속하다), intend(의도하다), attempt(시도하다) |
The baby began to cry/crying.
I intend to go/going abroad next year.
(2) 의미 차이가 있는 경우
. ⅰ) like, love, prefer, hate
+ ～ing : 일반적․습관적 행위
+ to V .: 일시적․구체적 행위
I don't like drinking.
<나는 (원래) 술 마시는 것을 좋아하지 않는다.>
I don't like to drink.
<나는 (지금) 술 마시고 싶지 않다.>
.ⅱ) remember, forget, regret
+ ～ing : 과거의 일
+ to V .: 미래의 일
I remember seeing her before.
I remember to see her tomorrow.
I forgot to post the letter.
<편지 부칠 것을 잊었다.>
I forgot posting the letter.
<편지 부친 것을 잊었다.>
▶ regret ～ing :「～한 것을 후회하다」
regret to V .:「～하게 되어 유감이다」
I regret telling her what I thought.
I regret to say that I can't help you.
. ⅲ) try + to V .:「～하려고 애쓰다」
try + ～ing :「시험삼아 ～해보다」
He tried to open the door.
He tried opening the door.
.ⅳ) mean to V .:「의도하다」
mean ～ing :「의미하다」
I didn't mean to hurt your feeling.
Punctuality means being on time.
목적어 다음에 전치사를 수반하는 동사
(1) S + 공급동사 + A + with + B
∙provide/supply A with B :「A에게 B를 공급하다」 ∙present A with B :「A에게 B를 주다, 선사하다」 ∙furnish A with B :「A에게 B를 설치하다, 공급하다」 ∙equip A with B :「A에게 B를 갖추다, 장비하다」 ∙endow A with B :「A에게 B를 부여하다」 ∙entrust A with B :「A에게 B를 맡기다, 위임하다」 |
Our school provide the children with food.
= Our school provide food for the children.
They supply us with oil.
= They supply oil to us.
(2) S + 제거․박탈동사 + A + of + B
∙rob A of B :「A에게서 B를 강탈하다, 빼앗다」 ∙deprive A of B :「A에게서 B를 빼앗다, 박탈하다」 ∙rid A of B :「A에게서 B를 제거하다」 ∙clear A of B :「A에게서 B를 치우다, 제거하다」 ∙relieve A of B :「A에게서 B를 덜어주다」 |
We must rid the house of cockroaches.
▶ rob + 사람/장소 + of + 사물
steal + 사물 + from + 사람/장소
The man robbed her of her handbag.
= The man stole her handbag from her.
(3) S + 통고․확신동사 + A + of + B
∙remind A of B :「A에게 B를 상기시키다」 ∙inform/notify A of B :「A에게 B를 알리다」 ∙warn A of B :「A에게 B를 경고하다」 ∙convince/assure A of B :「A에게 B를 확신시키다」 ∙accuse A of B :「A를 B로 고발[고소]하다」 |
She reminds me of my dead sister.
We finally convinced them of our innocence.
(4) S + 상벌동사 + A + for + B
∙praise A for B :「A를 B에 대하여 칭찬하다」 ∙scold A for B :「A를 B에 대하여 꾸짖다」 ∙blame A for B :「A를 B에 대하여 비난하다」 ∙punish A for B :「A를 B에 대하여 벌주다」 ∙forgive A for B :「A를 B에 대하여 용서하다」 ∙thank A for B :「A에게 B를 감사하다」 |
He blamed his teacher for his failure.
▶ thank + 사람 + for + 사물
appreciate + 사물/동명사
Thank you for your kindness.
= I appreciate your kindness.
(5) S + 금지동사 + O + from ～ing
prevent, keep, stop, deter, discourage, prohibit, hinder dissuade, restrain 「…가 ～하지 못하게 하다」 |
His wife prevented him from going abroad.
The doctor prohibited her from smoking.
▶ forbid(V5)+ O + to V
The doctor forbade her from smoking. (X)
→ The doctor forbade her to smoke. (O)
==========================
D. 4형식 : S + V4 + IO + DO
중요 수여동사
4형식을 3형식으로 전환시 전치사 to, for, of를 쓴다.
(1) to를 쓰는 동사 : 직접 전달을 나타내는 동사
give, bring, show, tell, offer, lend, pass, send, pay, allow(주다, 허락하다), owe(빚지다) grant/award(수여하다), hand(건네주다) |
Mary gave John a flower.
= Mary gave a flower to John.
(2) for를 쓰는 동사 : 동사 자체에 전달의 뜻이 없는 경우
buy, make, get, find, choose, order(주문하다), spare(나누어주다), win(얻게 해주다), secure(보장하다) |
My mother made me a cake.
= My mother made a cake for me.
(3) of를 쓰는 동사
ask |
She asked me a question.
= She asked a question of me.
※ 3형식으로 전환할 수 없는 4형식 동사
envy(부러워하다), forgive/pardon(용서하다), save(덜어 주다), cost(들게 하다) |
I envy your success to you. (X)
→ I envy you your success. (O)
수여동사 do
(1) do (a person) good[harm/damage] :
「～에게 이익[피해]를 주다」
Exercise will do you much good.
= Exercise will do much good to you.
Typhoon Sarah did the crops great damage.
= Typhoon Sarah did great damage to the crops.
(2) do (a person) a favor :「～의 부탁을 들어주다」
Will you do me a favor?
= Will you do a favor for me?
수여동사로 혼동하기 쉬운 동사
explain(설명하다), introduce(소개하다), suggest/propose(제안하다), announce(알리다), confess(자백하다), admit(인정하다) |
He explained me his situation. . .(X)
→ He explained his situation to me. (O)
▶ 목적어 자리에 절이 올 때는 전치사 to가 먼저 온다.
She explained to me that she was late on account of
the traffic jam.
=================================
E. 5형식 : S + V5 + O + OC
□ 5형식 문장의 특징
① 목적어와 목적격보어는 의미상 <주어+술어>의 관계(Nexus)이다.
② 목적격보어 자리에는 <명사․형용사․준동사>가 올 수 있다.
③ 목적어와 목적격보어의 관계가 능동관계이면 <to부정사․동사원형․현재분사> 수동관계이면 <과거분사>를 쓴다.
S + V5 + O + to be + 명사
.(to be) + 형용사
형용사 앞에서는 <to be>를 생략할 수 있다.
3형식에서는 that절을 목적어로 취한다.
think, believe, suppose, imagine, know (인식동사) |
I believe John to be a good student.
= I believe that John is a good student. <3형식>
We thought him (to be) foolish.
= We thought that he was foolish. <3형식>
▶ 인식동사는 3형식에서 to부정사를 목적어로 취하지 않는다.
단 수동태 뒤에서는 to부정사가 올 수 있다.
He supposes to speak here. (X)
→ He is supposed to speak here. .(O)
S + V5 + O + as + 명사/형용사
목적격보어 앞에 as를 쓰는 동사
as는 절대 생략할 수 없다.
regard/think of/look (up)on (～라고 여기다), refer to(～라고 부르다), describe, treat, accept, define, recognize, acknowledge, imagine |
We regard the dove as the symbol of peace.
They think of the idea as absurd.
They always referred to him as "blockhead".
▶ consider, elect, appoint + O + (to be/as) OC
to be나 as를 아무 때나 생략할 수 있다.
He considers himself (to be/as) an intellectual.
They elected him (to be/as) President.
They appointed White (to be/as) manager.
S + V5 + O + 명사/형용사
. make(～이 되게 하다), call, name |
John has made Harry a doctor/happy.
They called him a fool.
They call that fair. (= consider)
They named the child John.
S + V5 + O + to V
(1) want, like, would like, wish, desire :「원하다」
I want you to finish this work soon.
cf. I want this work (to be) finished soon. <수동>
(2) expect :「기대하다」
I expect him to pass the exam.
(3) intend, mean :「의도하다」
I intend him to go there.
(4) ask, require, request, beg :「요청하다」
I asked her to wait for a while.
(5) tell, order, command :「명령하다」
I ordered him to leave the room.
cf. He ordered the work (to be) done. <수동>
(6) advise, urge :「권고하다」
He advised me not to drink so much.
(7) encourage :「격려하다, 장려하다」
The teacher encouraged the boy to study hard.
(8) persuade :「설득하다」
He persuaded me to forgive her.
(9) get, cause :「～하게 하다」
I'll get him to help you.
The rain caused the river to overflow.
* (to be) pp는 to be가 보통 생략되서 PP만 남음
* 동사원형 안됨. ing도 안됨
(10) enable :「～할 수 있게 하다」
His efforts enabled him to succeed.
(11) force, compel, oblige :「강요하다」
They forced me to sign the paper.
(12) allow, permit, leave :「허락하다」
He allowed them to go home.
(13) forbid :「금지하다」
The king forbade him to leave the territory.
(14) invite :「～하고 싶게 만들다」
The cool water of the lake invited us to swim.
(15) motivate :「동기를 주다」
The new plan motivates the staff to work hard.
※ 주의해야할 동사
(1) 5형식으로 쓸 수 없는 동사 → that 절로
hope, say, suggest, propose, demand, insist |
I hope you to come. (X)
→ I hope that you will come. (O)
(2) that절을 취할 수 없는 동사 → 5형식으로
want, like, would like |
I want that you will come. (X)
→ I want you to come. (O)
ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ
<지각동사>
지각동사 + O + 동사원형/～ing/p.p
∙see, watch, notice, observe, look at (보다) ∙hear, listen to (듣다) ∙feel (느끼다), smell (냄새를 맡다) |
I heard someone call my name. <능동 → 완결>
I heard someone calling my name. .<능동 → 진행>
I heard my name called. <수동>
▶ 특정 순간 표시 부사구가 있는 경우 현재분사만 쓴다.
I saw the letter lie on the table this morning. (X)
→ I saw the letter lying on the table this morning. (O)
<사역동사> (to 부정사는 절대 올수 없다)
make(강제), let(허락․방임), have(부탁) |
(1) make + O + 동사원형/p.p
He made me do it at once.
Can you make yourself understood in English?
(2) let + O + 동사원형/be+p.p
let은 수동 관계일 때 <be+p.p>를 쓴다.
He let me use his car.
I will not let the papers be lost.
(3) have + O + 동사원형/～ing/p.p
I had him repair my car.
He had us laughing all through the night.
▶ have + O + p.p
.ⅰ) 시키다
I had my car repaired.
I had my picture taken.
I had my hair cut.
.ⅱ) 당하다
I had my car stolen.
I had my leg broken.
ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ
중요 5형식 동사
(1) help(V5) + O + (to) 원형
help(V3) + (to) 원형
help는 목적격보어나 목적어로 to부정사와 동사원형을
다 쓸 수 있다.
He helped me (to) study English.
He helped (to) paint the house.
(2) keep + O + 형용사/～ing/p.p
This coat will keep you warm.
She kept me waiting so long.
I will keep my fingers crossed.
(3) get + O + 형용사/to V/～ing/p.p
The child got his hand dirty.
I got him to repair my car.
He got the clock going.
I got my car repaired.
(4) leave + O + 형용사/to V/～ing/p.p
Leave the door open.
He left children to go out.
Don't leave the baby crying.
Leave the window closed.
(5) find + O + 형용사/원형/to V/～ing/p.p
I find him foolish.
They found the business pay.
I found the box to contain nothing.
I found him standing at the door.
I found the boy seriously wounded.
ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ
5형식문장의 목적어로 <부정사․명사절>이 올 때는 반드시 가목적어 it을 쓴다.
I found it difficult to do the work.
I make it a rule to take a walk in the morning.
We took it for granted that they would consent.
▶ 명사가 수식어를 동반하여 길어지면 가목적어를 쓰지 않고
<목적격보어 + 목적어>로 도치된다.
The computer has made it possible the phenomenal leap
in human proficiency. (X)
→ The computer has made possible the phenomenal leap
V O.C O
in human proficiency. (O)
ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ
혼동하기 쉬운 동사
(1) lie/lay
lie - lay - lain : (vi)「눕다, 놓여 있다」
lay - laid - laid : (vt)「눕히다, 놓다」
lie - lied - lied : (vi)「거짓말하다」
He lay on the bed and fell asleep.
He laid the book on the desk.
He lied to the boss and was fired.
▶ lay an egg :「알을 낳다」
lay the foundation :「기초를 세우다」
lay emphasis on :「～에 중점을 두다, 강조하다」
(2) rise/raise/arise
rise - rose - risen : (vi)「오르다, 올라가다」
raise - raised - raised : (vt)「올리다」
arise - arose - arisen : (vi)「(사건․사고 등이) 발생하다」
The sun rises in the east.
He raised his right hand.
Accidents arise from carelessness.
▶ raise a question/an objection :「문제/이의를 제기하다」
(3) sit/set/seat
sit - sat - sat : (vi)「앉다」
seat - seated - seated : (vt)「앉히다」
set - set - set : (vt)「놓다」
He sat on the chair.
Please seat yourself on the chair.
= Please be seated on the chair.
He set it on the table.
(4) fall/fell
fall - fell - fallen : (vi)「떨어지다」
fell - felled - felled : (vt)「쓰러뜨리다」
Prices are falling.
The woodman felled the tree.
(5) find/found
find - found - found :「발견하다」
found - founded - founded :「설립[창설]하다, 기초를 세우다」
I found a dollar on the floor.
They collected funds and founded a school.
(6) hang
hang - hung - hung :「걸다, 매달다」
hang - hanged - hanged :「교수형에 처하다」
I hung a lamp from the ceiling.
The man was hanged for murder.
(7) affect/effect
affect :「영향을 미치다」(= influence)
effect :「초래하다, 일으키다」(= cause)
Cares affect the health.
Their efforts effected a change.
▶ effect는 명사일 때「영향」의 뜻으로 쓰인다.
Cares have an effect on health.
(8) talk/speak/say/tell
ⅰ) talk/speak
(V1) talk/speak of[about, to, with]
May I talk/speak to Mr. Kim?
(V3) speak + 언어
He speaks English fluently.
ⅱ) say
(V3) say + O
say + that S + V
He said something to her.
He said that she was a liar.
▶ My watch says two o'clock.
<내 시계는 2시를 가리키고 있다.>
ⅲ) tell
(V3) tell + O
tell + O + of/about
He told a lie/the truth/a joke.
We will tell him of/about the news.
(V4) tell + IO + DO
tell + O + that S + V
He told me the truth.
He told me that he was coming.
(V5) tell + O + to V :「명령하다」
He told me to do that.
==================================
(1) I had my watch repaired.
(2) Your problem appeared impossibly.
(3) Having spent his last penny for the cheese, he was determined to eat it all, even if it tasted bitterly to him.
(4) Even the phrase death by electrocution and death by injection sound absurdly and incongruous with modern society.
(5) After several minutes, I happened to turn around and, to my horror, saw this kid‟s younger brother to sit right behind me.
(6) Please explain to me how to join a tennis club.
(7) She now finds very hard to do everything.
(8) We really have to discuss this problem.
(9) She closely resembles her mother.
(10) You must obey to your senior officers.
1. 형식
(1) I had my watch repaired. (O)
(2) Your problem appeared impossibly. (X)
-> impossible
(3) Having spent his last penny for the cheese, he was determined to eat it all, even if it tasted bitterly to him. (X)
-> bitter
(4) Even the phrase death by electrocution and death by injection sound absurdly and incongruous with modern society. (X) -> absurd
(5) After several minutes, I happened to turn around and, to my horror, saw this kid’s younger brother to sit right behind me. (X) -> sit/ sitting
(6) Please explain to me how to join a tennis club. (O)
(7) She now finds very hard to do everything. (X)
-> finds it
(8) We really have to discuss this problem. (O)
(9) She closely resembles her mother. (O)
(10) You must obey to your senior officers. (X)
to 삭제
(11) The minister will address the public tonight.
(12) As artists, what drives us is the desire to make our lives to run more smoothly, with less angst, fewer voids and a minimum of bother.
(13) Needless to say, it is a privilege to address to such a prominent audience like you all.
(14) We had much snow yesterday, which caused lots of people slip on the road.
(15) John became great by allowing himself learn from mistakes.
(16) While I was shopping at the market yesterday, I realized that the prices of many items have been risen in recent weeks.
(17) In Rome, Italy, a store burglary suspect, when caught in a store after closing hours, explained the police that he suffered from a desire to sleep constantly and had fallen asleep inside the store.
(18) Susan likes to lay down for a short nap every afternoon.
(19) Salmons lie their eggs and die in freshwater although they live in salt water.
(20) An experiment done on American astronauts made clear that physical activity is important to retain strong, healthy bones.
(11) The minister will address the public tonight. (O)
-> 타동사이므로 다음에 전치사 없이 바로 명사를 목적어로 쓴다.
(12) As artists, what drives us is the desire to make our lives to run more smoothly, with less angst, fewer voids and a minimum of bother. (X) -> run
(13) Needless to say, it is a privilege to address to such a prominent audience like you all. (x)
address such a prominent audience
(14) We had much snow yesterday, which caused lots of people slip on the road. (X)
->to slip
(15) John became great by allowing himself learn from mistakes. (X)
-> to learn
(16) While I was shopping at the market yesterday, I realized that the prices of many items have been risen in recent weeks. (X) -> had risen
(17) ~, explained the police that he suffered from a desire to sleep constantly and had fallen asleep inside the store. (X) -> to the police
(18) Susan likes to lay down for a short nap every afternoon. (X)
->lie
(19) Salmons lie their eggs and die in freshwater although they live in salt water. (X)
->lay
(20) An experiment done on American astronauts made clear that physical activity is important to retain strong, healthy bones. (X) -> made it
(21) Scientists, like other people, are always pleased to have their own ideas confirmed.
(22) I thought it uselessly to fight with them.
(23) I want to have this letter sent by express mail.
(24) I found it stupid to drive under the influence.
(25) He had his political enemies imprisoned.
(26) Most European countries failed to welcome Jewish refugees after the war, which caused many Jewish people immigrate elsewhere.
(27) Even externally they are different from newspapers, mainly because magazines resemble like a book.
(28) The right food can help you being concentrated, keep you motivated, sharpen your memory, speed your reaction time, reduce stress, and perhaps even prevent your brain from aging.
(21) Scientists, like other people, are always pleased to have their own ideas confirmed.(O)
(22) I thought it uselessly to fight with them. (X)
->useless
(23) I want to have this letter sent by express mail. (O)
(24) I found it stupid to drive under the influence. (O)
(25) He had his political enemies imprisoned. (O)
(26) Most European countries failed to welcome Jewish refugees after the war, which caused many Jewish people immigrate elsewhere. (X)
-> to immigrate
(27) Even externally they are different from newspapers, mainly because magazines resemble like a book. (X)
-> resemble
(28) The right food can help you being concentrated, keep you motivated, ~ (X)
-> (to) be concentrated