(수)일치 병치 도치
A. 주어와 동사의 수의 일치
There is .+ 단수명사
.There are + 복수명사
There is a book on the desk.
There are many books on the desk.
One/The only one of + 복수명사 ⇒ 단수취급
One of my favorite novels is "Gone with the wind."
The only one of my favorite novels is "Gone with the wind."
▶ one of + 복수명사 + 관계대명사 .⇒ 복수취급
the only one of + 복수명사 + 관계대명사 ⇒ 단수취급
She is one of my friends who understand me.
She is the only one of my friends who understands me.
Many + 복수명사 ⇒ 복수취급
.Many a + 단수명사 ⇒ 단수취급
Many soldiers were killed at the field.
Many a soldier was killed at the field.
A number of + 복수명사 ⇒ 복수취급
.The number of + 복수명사 ⇒ 단수취급
A number of patients are dying. <많은>
The number of patients is increasing. <～의 수>
▶ A total/series/group of + 복수명사 ⇒ 단수 취급
A total of 300 Koreans lives in this country.
부분 표시어
of 다음의 명사의 수에 일치시킨다.
most/half/some/(a) part/the rest/분수/percent(%) of ～ |
Two thirds of the books are mine.
Two thirds of the money is yours.
상관접속사와 동사의 일치
(1) both A and B ⇒ 항상 복수 취급
Both you and he are wrong.
(2) either A or B
neither A nor B ⇒ B에 동사 일치
not A but B
not only A but (also) B
Either you or I am in the wrong.
Neither she nor you have studied hard.
Not you but she is to blame.
Not only he but also his parents are very kind to us.
▶ B as well as A ⇒ B에 동사 일치
You as well as he is guilty. . (X)
→ You as well as he are guilty. (O)
every, each, either, neither는 항상 단수 취급
Each student has his own room.
Every boy and girl has his or her desk.
Either of the two books is available.
Neither of the students likes English.
<시간․거리․금액․무게>의 복수명사가 하나의 단위를 나타낼 때는 단수 취급한다.
Three years is a long time to wait.
cf. Three years have passed since he died. <시간의 경과>
Two thousand dollars is a large sum.
명사 and 명사
원칙적으로 복수 취급을 하지만, 단일 개념을 나타내는 경우는 단수 취급한다.
Bread and butter is my favorite breakfast. <버터 바른 빵>
cf. Bread and butter have risen in price. <빵과 버터>
Slow and steady wins the race.
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.
구와 절은 단수 취급한다.
To treat them as hostages is criminal.
Writing letters is boring.
How they got there doesn't concern me.
▶ what 절은 문맥에 따라 단수 또는 복수 취급
What I need is money. <= that which>
What I need are books. <= those which>
후치 수식어가 있는 주어와 동사의 일치
주어와 동사 사이에 나오는 수식어는 주어와 동사의 일치에 영향을 미치지 못한다.
A man with some boys are coming now. .(X)
→ A man with some boys is coming now. (O)
The rules of this game is simple. (X)
→ The rules of this game are simple. .(O)
관계사절의 일치
관계사절의 동사는 선행사의 수에 일치시킨다.
The lady who live next door is a famous actress. (X)
→ The lady who lives next door is a famous actress. (O)
Those who likes sports are generally healthy. (X)
→ Those who like sports are generally healthy. (O)
II. Step 2 기출 OX
(1) I know the person who are notorious for his rudeness.
(2) There seem to have been a mistake; my name isn’t on the list.
(3) Trial and error are the source of our knowledge.
(4) Raising animals requires lots of love and hard work.
(5) Child sexual abuse has been reported up to 80,000 times a year, but the number of unreported instances are far greater.
(6) The popularity of cell phones is soaring.
(7) But as the number of cell phone users grow, so do the environmental impacts.
(8) As decision making reached higher levels, half the harvests of the world was bought and sold in political and financial deals.
(9) Happy are those who find joy and pleasure in helping others.
(10) The data, which have been submitted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal, also confirms that the universe is not what it seems to human senses.
(11) What you will probably not be able to do is to arrive at a single, unified, objective, literal understanding of that subject matter that do full justice to all aspects of the concept.
(12) Most of the writer are critical; they contend that the colleges are not doing a good job, and they question the value of a college education.
(13) Dentists agree that brushing your teeth three times a day promote good dental health and a more attractive smile.
(14) Neither the research assistants’ consortium nor the biotech laboratory are polished to strike a decisive blow.
(15) Therefore, the best way to avoid problems are to eat the right balance of meat, fish, vegetables and dairy products.
(16) Two-thirds of the Jewish population live in the East.
(17) The number of people taking cruises continue to rise and so does the number of complaints about cruise lines.
(18) You as well as he are responsible for the failure.
(19) All the students in my school are studying English.
(20) Many of the students in our class are very smart.
(21) Every person at the meeting is fond of the idea.
(22) One of the exciting games I saw were the World Cup final in 2010.
(23) There are also weekly news magazines, which reports on a number of topics,
(24) Many a careless walker was killed in the street.
(25) A tenth of the automobiles in this district alone were stolen last year.
(26) Due to such dependency, people who often use devices such as cell phones, PDAs and navigation is more
likely to develop digital dementia.
(27) Valuing what you have over what you do not or cannot have leads to greater happiness.
(28) Just over ten years have passed since we wrote the first edition of this book.
(29) Sending text messages is obviously an addictive and compulsive behavior.
(30) A number of domestic experts as well as scholar joins the research project.
(31) Almost 99 percent of the atmosphere lies within a mere 30 km of Earth’s surface.
(32) Whether or not we are likely to get various diseases depend on how well our immune system works.
3. 수의 일치
(1) I know the person who are notorious for his rudeness. (X)
->is
(2) There seem to have been a mistake; my name isn’t on the list. (X)
->seems
(3) Trial and error are the source of our knowledge. (X)
->is
(4) Raising animals requires lots of love and hard work. (O)
(5) Child sexual abuse has been reported up to 80,000 times a year, but the number of unreported instances are
far greater. (X) ->is
(6) The popularity of cell phones is soaring. (O)
(7) But as the number of cell phone users grow, so do the environmental impacts. (X)
->grows
(8) As decision making reached higher levels, half the harvests of the world was bought and sold in political and
financial deals. (X) ->were
(9) Happy are those who find joy and pleasure in helping others. (O)
(10) The data, which have been submitted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal, also confirms that the
universe is not what it seems to human senses. (X) ->confirm
(11) Literal understanding of that subject matter that do full justice to all aspects of the concept. (X)
->does
(12) Most of the writer are critical;. (X)
->writers
(13) Dentists agree that brushing your teeth three times a day promote good dental health and a more attractive
smile. (X) ->promotes
(14) Neither the research assistants’ consortium nor the biotech laboratory are polished to strike a decisive blow.
(X) ->is
(15) Therefore, the best way to avoid problems are to eat the right balance of meat, fish, vegetables and dairy
products. (X) ->is
(16) Two-thirds of the Jewish population live in the East. (X)
->lives
(17) The number of people taking cruises continue to rise and so does the number of complaints about cruise
lines. (X) ->continues
(18) You as well as he are responsible for the failure. (O)
(19) All the students in my school are studying English. (O)
(20) Many of the students in our class are very smart. (O)
(21) Every person at the meeting is fond of the idea. (O)
(22) One of the exciting games I saw were the World Cup final in 2010. (X)
->was
(23) There are also weekly news magazines, which reports on a number of topics, (X)
->report
(24) Many a careless walker was killed in the street. (O)
(25) A tenth of the automobiles in this district alone were stolen last year. (O)
(26) Due to such dependency, people who often use devices such as cell phones, PDAs and navigation is more
likely to develop digital dementia. (X) ->are
(27) Valuing what you have over what you do not or cannot have leads to greater happiness. (O)
(28) Just over ten years have passed since we wrote the first edition of this book.(O)
(29) Sending text messages is obviously an addictive and compulsive behavior. (O)
(30) A number of domestic experts as well as scholar joins the research project. (X)
-> join
(31) Almost 99 percent of the atmosphere lies within a mere 30 km of Earth’s surface. (O)
(32) Whether or not we are likely to get various diseases depend on how well our immune system works. (X)
-> depends
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B. 병치
등위접속사나 상관접속사로 연결되는 어구,
비교구문에서 비교되는 대상은 동일한 형태로 쓴다.
등위접속사에 의한 병치
(1) 명사 + 명사
Mr. Park is a lawyer, a politician and he teaches. (X)
→ Mr. Park is a lawyer, a politician and a teacher. (O)
(2) 형용사 + 형용사
John is young, enthusiastic and intelligence. .(X)
→ John is young, enthusiastic and intelligent. (O)
(3) 부사 + 부사
The work was handsome and skillfully done. (X)
→ The work was handsomely and skillfully done. .(O)
(4) 동사 + 동사
<시제․태․수>에 유의할 것.
He went to New York, bought some books, and visiting his daughter. (X)
→ He went to New York, bought some books, and visited his daughter. (O)
▶ 동일한 조동사가 반복될 때 뒤에 오는 조동사는 생략된다.
Someone may be killed or (may be) injured.
(5) 부정사 + 부정사
To know and teaching are quite different things. (X)
→ To know and to teach are quite different things. (O)
▶ to부정사가 병치될 때 뒤의 to는 생략할 수 있다.
He continued to search, (to) explore, and (to) expand the theme.
(6) 동명사 + 동명사
In my spare time, I like reading novels or to watch TV. (X)
→ In my spare time, I like reading novels or watching TV. (O)
(7) 분사 + 분사
Surprised and as she was embarrassed, she burst into tears. (X)
→ Surprised and embarrassed, she burst into tears. (O)
(8) 절 + 절
Frank knew that he was potentially an alcoholic, and he should drink no more. (X)
→ Frank knew that he was potentially an alcoholic, and that he should drink no more. (O)
상관접속사에 의한 병치
He wants either to go by train or by plane. .(X)
→ He wants either to go by train or to go by plane. (O)
→ He wants to go either by train or by plane. (O)
→ He wants to go by either train or plane. .(O)
비교구문에 의한 병치
Studying is as difficult as to work. (X)
→ Studying is as difficult as working. (O)
To answer accurately is more important than you finish quickly. (X)
→ To answer accurately is more important than to finish quickly. (O)
The climate of Incheon is similar to Seoul. . (X)
→ The climate of Incheon is similar to that of Seoul. (O)
<= the climate>
My car is more expensive than John. (X)
→ My car is more expensive than John's. (O)
<= John's car>
In the United States, more hogs are raised in Iowa than any other state. (X)
→ In the United States, more hogs are raised in Iowa than in any other state. (O)
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C. 도치
부정어 + 조동사 + S + V
부정어가 문두에 오면, <의문문>의 어순을 취한다.
never, little, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, nor, not only, not until, no sooner, nowhere |
(1) be 동사 : <be + S>
Rarely is the talent seen on TV.
Not only was he driving too fast but he was also
thinking of something else.
(2) 조동사 : <조동사 + S + 원형>
Nowhere can we see such beautiful pictures.
(3) 일반동사 : <do/does/did + S + 원형>
I can't go, nor do I want to go.
Little did I think that he would come back.
Not until the Korean War broke out did he make
the machine.
(4) 완료시제 : <have/had + S + p.p>
Never have I seen her.
Hardly had we begun our walk when it began to rain.
※ Only + 부사[구․절] + 조동사 + S + V
Only then did I meet her.
Only with great difficulty could he solve the problem.
Only when he returned home did he hear the news.
장소부사[구] + 자동사 + S
1형식 문장에서 장소 부사[구]가 문두에 오면 조동사를 쓰지 않고 그 자동사가 직접 앞으로 나온다.
On the hill stands a church.
= A church stands on the hill.
▶ 주어가 대명사이면 도치가 일어나지 않는다.
Here comes John. (O)
Here comes he. (X)
→ Here he comes. (O)
※ 주어와 동사의 수의 일치에 주의
Beyond the lake and the woods are the house where my father lives. (X)
→ Beyond the lake and the woods is the house where my father lives. (O)
주격보어 + be + S
Happy is the man who is content with his lot.
= The man who is content with lot is happy.
▶ <so ～ that>구문의 도치
So great was her joy that she shed tears.
= Her joy was so great that she shed tears.
as/than + V + S
as, than 뒤에서 <be/조동사/대동사 do>가 쓰인 경우
도치가 될 수 있다.
He traveled widely as did most of his friends.
Noise pollution generally receives less attention than does air pollution.
▶ 주어가 대명사이면 도치가 일어나지 않는다.
They arrived earlier than did she. (X)
so/neither/nor + V + S
(1) So + V + S :「～도 또한 그렇다」
I am happy. - So am I.
I like movies. - So do I.
I can ski. - So can I.
I have seen that. - So have I.
▶ so 다음에 도치가 되지 않으면「정말 그렇다」의 뜻.
You seem to like movies.
- So I do. <= Yes, I like movies, indeed.>
(2) Neither/Nor + V + S :「～도 또한 그렇지 않다」
I'm not happy. - Neither/Nor am I.
I don't like movies. - Neither/Nor do I.
I can't ski. - Neither/Nor can I.
I haven't seen that. - Neither/Nor have I.
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II. Step 2 기출 OX
(1) Do you think who the speaker is?
(2) I have no idea where is the nearest bank around here.
(3) Had they followed my order, they would not have been punished.
(4) An experiment done with American astronauts made it clear how important physical activity is in maintaining strong, healthy bones.
(5) On no account must strangers be let in.
(6) Should the wound be inflamed, call me at once.
(7) Not until they began cultivating tobacco for sale abroad they could finance their activities and develop their country.
(8) How long does it take you to become physically fit depends on how unfit you are when you start.
(9) Not only were the Palm Beach Post our local paper, it was also the source of half of our household income.
(10) The number of people taking cruises continue to rise and so does the number of complaints about cruise lines.
(11) Poor as she is, she is honest and diligent.
(12) Never did I dream that I could see her again.
(13) Only if you can solve this problem will you be admitted.
(14) They have prepared for the exam so hard, and so I did.
(15) Should you need any information, do not hesitate to contact me.
(16) For a computer to solve a problem, not only must the solution be very detailed, it must be written in a form the computer can understand.
(17) Hardly had I got into the building when it began to rain.
(18) Not only have roaches been around a long time, but chances are that they’ll be on earth even after people are gone.
(19) Little did she realize what I was trying to say.
(20) They need to know who e-mail senders are.
(21) At certain times may this door be left unlocked.
(22) Eloquent though she was, she could not persuade him.
(23) So vigorously did he protest that they reconsidered his case.
(24) The sea has its currents, as do the river and the lake.
(25) Only in this way is it possible to explain their actions.
(26) Under no circumstances you should not leave here.
(27) Nestled in the atmosphere is clouds of liquid water and ice crystals.
(28) As our knowledge of emotional intelligence continues to evolve, so does this book on emotional and socialintelligence.
(29) I never did anything by accident, nor did any of my inventions come by accident.
(30) Giving students opportunities to improve their work before they hand it in helps anxious children, as do providing clear, ambiguous instructions.
(31) Inside the examination room we could neither smoke nor talk.
2. 도치와 어순
(1) Do you think who the speaker is? (X)
-> Who do you think the speaker is?
(2) I have no idea where is the nearest bank around here. (X)
-> the nearest bank around here is
(3) Had they followed my order, they would not have been punished. (O)
(4) An experiment done with American astronauts made it clear how important physical activity is in maintaining
strong, healthy bones. (O)
(5) On no account must strangers be let in. (O)
(6) Should the wound be inflamed, call me at once.(O)
(7) Not until they began cultivating tobacco for sale abroad they could finance their activities and develop their
country. (X) -> could they finance
(8) How long does it take you to become physically fit depends on how unfit you are when you start.(X)
-> How long it takes
(9) Not only were the Palm Beach Post our local paper, it was also the source of half of our household income.
(X) ->was
(10) The number of people taking cruises continue to rise and so does the number of complaints about cruise
lines.(X)
> continues
(11) Poor as she is, she is honest and diligent. (O)
(12) Never did I dream that I could see her again. (O)
(13) Only if you can solve this problem will you be admitted. (O)
(14) They have prepared for the exam so hard, and so I did. (X)
-> so have I
(15) Should you need any information, do not hesitate to contact me. (O)
(16) For a computer to solve a problem, not only must the solution be very detailed, it must be written in a form
the computer can understand. (O)
(17) Hardly had I got into the building when it began to rain. (O)
(18) Not only have roaches been around a long time, but chances are that they’ll be on earth even after people
are gone. (O)
(19) Little did she realize what I was trying to say. (O)
(20) At certain times may this door be left unlocked. (X)
-> this door may
(21) They need to know who e-mail senders are.(O)
(22) Eloquent though she was, she could not persuade him.(O)
(23) So vigorously did he protest that they reconsidered his case. (O)
(24) The sea has its currents, as do the river and the lake. (O)
(25) Only in this way is it possible to explain their actions. (O)
(26) Under no circumstances you should not leave here. (X)
-> should you
(27) Nestled in the atmosphere is clouds of liquid water and ice crystals. (X)
-> are
(28) As our knowledge of emotional intelligence continues to evolve, so does this book on emotional and social
intelligence. (O)
(29) I never did anything by accident, nor did any of my inventions come by accident. (O)
(30) Giving students opportunities to improve their work before they hand it in helps anxious children, as do
providing clear, ambiguous instructions. (X) -> does
(31) Inside the examination room we could neither smoke nor talk. (O)